BERKELEY PUBLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION RESEARCH (IJCER) (VOL 8 N0. 6)
ISSN: 1930-6681 MARCH, 2019
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PAPERS:
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHERS’ EXPERIENCE, QUALIFICATION, PROFESSIONALISM AND THEIR STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN INTEGRATED SCIENCE IN EGOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE.
IYEKEKPOLOR MOSES NOROGHOSA
Farm project Department, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This study examined the relationship between teachers’ professionalism, qualifications, experience and students’ academic performance in integrated science. The study was limited to (public school only) in Egor local government area of Edo state. The sample was selected by using stratified random sampling methods from a total of 13 public schools in Egor local government of Edo state. The students result in the previous session of the teachers were also collected. A questionnaire was developed to collect basic information about the teachers’ academic qualification, experience and professionalism. These data were analyzed using simple percentage. It was found that the performance of student in integrated science who were taught by teachers with over five years of teaching experience and had B.Ed. in integrated science was over 60% better than those students who were taught by teachers with low academic qualification, less than 5 years of teaching experience and less than 50% involvement in professional developmental activities.
Keywords: Teacher’s Experience, Qualification, Professionalism, Integrated Science, Egor Local Government Area of Edo State.
SCHOOL ADJUSTMENT, DISPOSITIONAL OPTIMISM AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT: A CORRELATION STUDY AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN NIGERIA
BABANGIDA IRO
National Open University of Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This research assessed school adjustment, dispositional optimism and academic achievement: a correlational study among undergraduate students. The design used for this study was correlation survey design. The population of the study consisted of 14,756 undergraduate students in North West Zone, Nigeria, Out of which 378 subjects were sampled guided by Krejcie & Morgan, (1970) sampling procedure, consisting both male and female in Arts/Sciences. The research questions were answered using descriptive statistics of means and standard deviation respectively. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMr) was used and tested hypotheses. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 22.0 was used and hypotheses formulated were tested using 0.05 level of significance. The finding/conclusion showed that, there were correlations among school adjustment, dispositional optimism and academic achievement. The study recommended that, parents, teachers, school administrators, private agencies and government at large, should help students to increase school adjustment and develop dispositional optimism for enhanced academic achievement in school. This could be achieved through training, counselling, teaching, seminars, journals, workshops and educational policies.
Keywords: School Adjustment, Dispositional Optimism and Academic Achievement
IMPACT OF TEACHING PRACTICE EXERCISE ON FORTUITOUS BIOLOGY TEACHERS EDUCATION IN FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION TECHNICAL BICHI, KANO, NIGERIA.
*MAMUDU SAMSON TOYOSI AND **ALAIRU AMINAT
*Biology Department, FCE (T) Bichi Kano **P.H.E. Department FCE (T) Bichi Kano.
ABSTRACT
The study examines the influence of teaching practice Exercise on Technical Teacher Education Candidates at the Federal College of Education (t) Bichi, Kano. It examined how the exercise can improve their attitude and opinion about lesson preparation and delivery as well as general interest in teaching after exposure to the exercise. Three research questions were formulated. The study adopted the survey Design, A questionnaire titled ‘Student teachers attitude to opinion and interest teaching (STAOIT)’ was used for data collection. Three hundred twenty six student teachers which constituted the total number of students in Biology education 2001evel 2015/2016 academic session in this category who have not experienced any formal teaching were purposively chosen and made to respond to a questionnaire before and after the exercise. It was found out that the exercise improved the students’ attitude to lesson preparation, changed their opinion of lesson delivery for the better but did not improve their general interest in teaching. The study concludes that teaching practice exercise is a necessary component of teacher education programme that can assist especially the fortuitous biology candidate would-be teachers in the teaching profession
Keywords, Teaching practices, Fortuitous biology teachers, low popularity, pre-service teachers, Grade II teacher training, lesson preparation
ASSESSMENT OF PROSPECTIVE MEDICAL EDUCATION TUTOR’S ATTITUDES TOWARDS TEACHING PROFESSION: THE CASE OF KADUNA POLYTECHNIC, KADUNA.
MUHAMMAD, ABDULLAHI SABO, PhD,
Department of Education (Technical), Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
The present research was an assessment of prospective medical education students’ attitudes towards teaching profession. Teaching is the profession which comprises attitudes towards starting, directing, facilitating and realizing the learning process in individuals in line with specific objectives. Five null hypotheses were formulated to guide and direct the research. Descriptive survey design was used to elicit the opinion of the respondents. Purposive sampling technique was utilized to collect data from all Medical Educator Tutors of DNE and PHC numbering 131. The instrument for data collection was adapted used in a similar study (Musa & Bichi, 2013). The items were modified to 5-point Likert scale to suit the present research. The reliability of the instrument computed using Cronbach Alpha technique was .78. The data collected was analyzed using parametric statistics of t-tests and ANOVA. The results indicated one of the null hypotheses was statistically significant while four were found not to be significant. The attitudes of medical tutors towards teaching profession were found to be significantly positive. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made among which periodic refresher courses and workshops need to be organized in order to update these groups of medical tutors with the current happening in teaching profession. This will help to maintain and sustain this positive attitude towards teaching profession.
Keywords: Attitude, Teaching Profession, Medical Education tutors,
ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL ICT RESOURCES IN TEACHING BIOLOGY IN SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN BAUCHI STATE.
*MOHAMMED BARDE & **MUHAMMAD HAMMA
*College of Heath Technology, Ningi, Bauchi State **Department Early Childhood and Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University, P.O BOX 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
ABSTRACT
The paper seeks to investigate the level of Biology teachers’ ICT integration skills and assess the availability of ICT resources necessary for its integration in teaching of Biology in secondary schools in Nigeria. The study used a descriptive survey research design and stratified random sampling was employed to select the respondents. The respondents of the study were 68 students, 36 Biology teachers, and 36 school heads of institutions. Data was collected using checklists, observation schedule, questionnaires and interview schedule. The findings revealed that there are availability of ICT facilities in the selected schools, however, the level of integration of the gadgets in teaching and learning is low. The study suggests that for ICT to be effectively adopted in public secondary schools, teachers should be trained on how to use the use the ICT gadgets through seminars, workshops and conference.
Keywords: ICT Integration, Biology, Teaching, Student, Teachers
EFFECTS OF YORUBA DIALECTS ON FRENCH LANGUAGE IN EMMANUEL ALAYANDE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, OYO
*AKANDE OLUBUKOLA ABOSEDE (MRS) & **ADEYINKA MODUPE BEATRICE (MRS)
*Department of French, School of Secondary Education (Language Programmes), Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo. **Department of French, Federal College of Education, Osiele, Abeokuta
ABSTRACT
This paper investigated on the effects of some Yoruba dialects on acquisition and production of French language in Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo. Questionnaire was used for the collection of data with the use of percentage method for data analysis. Interview method was also employed with which the researchers conversed with the students on ground to test as well detecting difficulties in their sound production. It revealed students’ dialects and the structures of sounds that are rivals with the closely similar ones to those of French. It demonstrated French sounds that are wrongly produced by the students. It was recommended that if NCE French students would be competent in their discipline, resourceful to their pupils in future and good representatives of their college, they should be ready to differentiate between those problem-posed sounds in their dialects and French sounds. Lecturers should patiently look for words in Yoruba dialects or other dialects spoken around which could serve the purpose and make the French sounds well pronounced by the learners. In one word, NCCE would achieve her French educational objectives in the College and elsewhere since this paper would be useful to other students, lecturers, researchers and other stakeholders.
Keywords: Yoruba dialects, French language, Effects, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo, and NCCE.
INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE READING CULTURE OF NIGERIAN STUDENTS: THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY.
*ABUBAKAR SADIQ MUSA *ERIC OGHENEOCHUKO BOSIN **IORWA ESTHER
*Department Of Languages, Kaduna Polytechnic **Kaduna Polytechnic.
ABSTRACT
The study examined the influence of the social media on the reading culture of students in Nigerian polytechnics with Kaduna Polytechnic as a case study. The research aimed at identifying the activities, time allotted and the influence that social media have on students reading culture. Also, the study’s main objective is to arrive at a means through which the curriculum of schools can incorporate the use of social media in the teaching and learning process in order to conform with the 21st century standards. A descriptive survey was used for the study. Fifty respondents were included in the study with a questionnaire used to gather data for the study. Research findings show that the social media has a great influence on students reading hours as it affects their performance in academic activities especially their reading. Also, the number of hours devoted to reading is quite low compared to the time allotted to chatting on the social media. It was recommended that the internet should be carefully monitored and incorporated into the teaching and learning process in schools, also the government should provide well equipped libraries in schools.
Keywords: Social, Media, Reading, Culture, Students.
USE OF ACTIVITY-BASED METHOD AS A TEACHING STRATEGY TO ENHANCE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS
JEJE O.S. AND OLAGOKE M.
College of Education, Ikere – Ekiti
ABSTRACT
The study investigated the use of activity-based method as a teaching strategy to enhance secondary school students achievement in mathematics. Teaching method is one of the problems teachers encounter in teaching mathematics effectively in the classrooms. Some of the teaching strategies discussed here were; discovery approach to learning, practical work, questioning/inquiry approach to learning, Discussion method in class, Mathematical games and puzzles activity. This means that when activity method is used as a teaching strategy to teach mathematics in the classroom, students interest, participation, attention and retention of learning materials may be enhanced and students mathematics achievement may also increased. The paper hereby recommend that mathematics teachers should be allowed and encouraged by their employers to attend conferences, seminars and workshops to equip themselves with the knowledge, skills and competences needed for effective teaching in the classrooms. Also, scholarship should be given to best mathematics students at all level as this will increase the interest of student in studying mathematics.
Keywords: Activity-based method, Teaching strategy, Achievement, Mathematics, and Secondary school students.
AN EVALUATION OF KHADUSHIN MODEL OF SUPERVISION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEE’S IN PUBLIC TERTIARY INSTITUTION IN NIGERIA
ALHAJI ADAMU SAIDU, SADIQ ABUBAKAR ILELAH & MUSA IBRAHIM ABUBAKAR
Department of Public Administration, Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic, Bauchi State
ABSTRACT
The role of a supervisor is indispensable for an employee’s performance in an organization. The supervisor is saddle with organizing and directing of activities, the motivation of employees and management of workgroup. The study has used a descriptive approach as a method in conducting the study. The work evaluates the Kadushin’s model of supervision on the performance of the employees of the public tertiary institution using Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic Bauchi State as a case study; the focus of the study was on the effect of administration, education and support on the performance of the employee’s in their daily work. The finding has demonstrated the weakness of supervisory role in a public tertiary institution as a result of political influence, inadequately trained manpower, lack of confidence and job performance. The study recommends that the supervisors and the supervisees should be mindful of their action and response to their client.
Keywords: supervision, employees, performance, public tertiary and institutions
TRAINERS’ SKILLS POSSESSED FOR UTILIZATION OF FACILITIES IN TEACHING OFFICE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT IN POLYTECHNICS IN NORTH-EAST NIGERIA
1CEPHAS N. LEKA, 2GIBSON J. GODOBE, 3MURJANATU MOHAMMED UBAYO AND 4DANIEL JOHN
1Department of Office Technology and Management, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi 2-4Registry: Federal Polytechnic Bauchi.
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out on Trainers’ Skills possessed for utilization of facilities in teaching Office Technology and Management in Polytechnics in North-East Nigeria. The main objective of the study was to determine the trainers’ level of skills possessed for utilization of infrastructural and Information Communication facilities for training in OTM in Polytechnics in North-East Nigeria. The researchers postulated two Research Questions. Literature related to the Infrastructural and Office Information Communication facilities was reviewed. The study adopted Descriptive study as its designed. The population of the study was made up of all the trainers in both Federal and State Polytechnics in North-East Nigeria, and it was 87. A questionnaire with Four-Point rating scale was designed and administered; it consisted of 30 items. The instrument was validated by experts in Business Education and Office Technology and Management. The questionnaire was administered by the researchers, with the support of Research assistants in all the Polytechnics in the study area. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (Mean), using SPSS. It was found among others that, trainers in Polytechnics possessed the skills for utilization of infrastructural facilities for training students in OTM. Based on conclusion it was recommended also among others that, Management of the Polytechnics should send their OTM trainers on training on trouble shooting in computer, download and installation of software. It was also recommended that Polytechnic managements should organize training for OTM trainers on how they can improve in the skills of saving documents on the internet and incorporating graphics into reports to improve in the utilization of Office Information Communication facilities.
Keywords: Office Technology and Management, Skills, Utilization.
ICT IN NIGERIAN SCHOOL SYSTEM, PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS
*YAHAYA SULAIMAN YAKASAI **FATIMA MAIKUDI ABUBAKAR, **SHITU ABDULLAHI LAME AND ***ALHASSAN MUAZU
*Physics department Saadatu Rimi College of Education Kumbotso, Kano state **Computer Science Department A.D Rufai College of Legal and Islamic studies Misau, Bauchi State, Nigeria. ***Federal College of Education Bichi, Kano State. Nigeria
ABSTRACT
There is need to use information and communication technology in education as we enter into the era of globalization, where the free flow of information through satellite and Internet is the current trend in global information dissemination of knowledge. Already Nigeria is on the wrong side of the international digital divide, as it has not made any significant effort to integrate ICT fully in to our secondary schools. A great deal of instructional and administrative work is carried out manually. This makes work slow and boring. Teachers become underutilized and rendered inefficient. Students’ growth and development is retarded thereby producing half-baked graduates. This paper therefore, examined the major obstacles militating against the use of ICT in our Educational System particularly in or Secondary Schools. It identified many problems which stand along the way as obstacles and then came up with solutions to these problems. It also highlighted the prospects of integrating ICT in to our educational system in order to be on the right side of the global digital divide.
Keywords: ICT, digital-divide, globalization
EDUCATION AS A VERITABLE TOOL FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
KADIR MUMINI
Economics Department, Kwara State College Of Education, P.M.B 1527, Ilorin
ABSTRACT
For decades, Nigeria education system has witnessed a number of challenges that mitigate it from meeting the needs and aspirations of the society. The system of education vis-a-vis the formal and informal education plays significant roles in achieving National developmental integration. The paper dwell on the formal system of education with regards to the link between education and national development. The paper also highlights the prospects as well as the challenges confronting the Nigerian education system. The study concludes by making suggestion on the possible ways of improving the education system in order to advance the objective of national development.
Keywords: Education, National Development, Challenges, Formal and Informal Education e.t.c
THE USE AND ABUSE OF DRUGS BY STUDENTS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA.
ABDULLAHI D. MAMMAN
Federal Polytechnic Bali Taraba State, School Of General And Management Studies, Department Of Public Administration
ABSTRACT
Despite the unrelenting effort of individuals, agencies, mass media and the government at different levels against drug abuse, the prevalent practice among post- primary school student, Tertiary institution, teenagers and even adult in the community has not decreased but rather continued to increased geometrically According United Nations Office on Drugs and crime (UNODC)Report (2005),about 200 million people, or 5 percent of the world’s population age between 15 and 65 have used drugs at least once in the last 12 months. Likewise, according to the world Drug organization (2005) reported that, the use of illicit drugs in all Nations has increased in recent years. Drug is a substance used for medical purposes that change the function of the body. About 90% of the students use it before they leave high school. The abuse of these drugs as indicated in the study has various repercussions but on the pleasure the abusers think they enjoy, usually overlook these grave side effects.
Keywords: Abuse, Drugs, Students, Tertiary, Institutions.
AN EFFECTIVE TEACHING METHODOLOGY AND THE CHALLENGES OF QUALITY OF ART TEACHERS PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
ALKALI DUBA DUNGA
Fine and Applied Arts Department, College Of Education, Azare
ABSTRACT
The paper title. Play: An effective teaching methodology and the challenges of quality of Art Teachers production in Nigeria, defines play as viewed by some authors in the field, it also examined the relationship between play and art, and that when art instruction is planned around the experience of play, children can draw ideas from their own experience instead of strictly following the teacher’s lead, learning how to plan and discover for themselves, it is through such personal exploration that original art can be born. The paper expatiates on values of play. It is play and only in play that the individual child or adult is able to be creative and to use the whole personality, and it is only in being creative that the individual discover the self, the paper also focuses on play environment, materials, role of the teachers, conclusion and references.
Keywords: Teaching, Methodology, Challenges, Quality, Teachers.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STUDENTS’ PLACEMENT AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN UMAR IBN IBRAHIM COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, BAMA, BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
*BITRUS GLAWALA AMUDA **APAGU KIDLINDILA BULUS ***HAMSATU JOSEPH PUR
*Department of Educational Psychology, Guidance and Counselling, Kashim Ibrahim College of Education, Maiduguri **Department of Education, University of Maiduguri ***Department of Vocational and Technical Education, University of Maiduguri
ABSTRACT
The study investigated the relationship between student’s placement and academic performance in Umar Ibn Ibrahim College of Education Science and Technology, Bama, Borno State, Nigeria. Three research hypotheses were tested at .05 level of significance. All NCE III (473) students of Umar Ibn Ibrahim College of Education Science and Technology, Bama, Borno State constituted the population for the study. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select two hundred and fourteen (214) students. The instruments used for data collection in the study were Students Course of Choice and Placement Questionnaire (SCCPQ) and Proforma designed by the researchers. SCCPQ was used to collect data on course applied, course admitted into, schools and students’ gender. Data on students’ academic performance (CGPA) was collected using proforma from students’ examinations and records office of the College. The data collected was analysed using chi-square and the result revealed that there was no significant relationship between students’ choice and academic performance. The results also revealed that there was significant relationship between students’ schools and academic performance in Umar Ibn Ibrahim College of Education, Science and Technolony,Bama. It was therefore concluded that there was significant relationship between students’ schools and academic performance in Umar Ibn Ibrahim College of Education, Science and Technology, Bama. Based on the findings it was recommended that placement of students into different fields of study should continue based on specified criteria in the colleges of education. Placement tests should also be conducted in all colleges of education to assist placement committees to appropriately place students into their rightful departments.
Key words: students’ placement, choice and academic performance
SETTING PARAMETERS FOR INFORMATION POLICY IN ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: THE NEED FOR CHANGE
*SAHABI, MUHAMMAD KABIR **SANGOSANYA ABOSEDE KALTUMI CLN ***JAAFAR SANI AND ****AAKIA NASIR KABARA
*University Library, Kaduna State University, Kaduna **National Library of Nigeria ***University Library, Kaduna State University, Kaduna ****University Library, Kano University of science and technology, wudil, Kano-Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on setting parameters for information policy in academic libraries: the need for change. The paper discusses how the library and information managers can set information policy parameters based on current realities. The main objective of this paper is to review and contribute to knowledge in library and information management. This is pursued by literature review of many scholars, researchers and professionals’ ideas on issues such as parameters, benchmarking, better results and best practices. Information policy serves as the guidelines for effective service provision that covers the issues of buildings, resources, services and users. The researcher review relevant literature to this study. Works of scholars, researchers and professionals in the field of library and information management have been consulted to support the author’s perception of this subject of discourse.
Keywords: Parameters, Information, Policy, Libraries, Change.
EDUCATION AND MANAGEMENT OF AUTISM: IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNSELLING
ARDO MAJI ALIYU
School Of Education, Department Of Psychology, Aminu Saleh College Of Education, Azare, Bauchi State.
ABSTRACT
Autism is a brain development disorder that affects a child’s social interaction, communication and behaviour. The symptoms manifest before the child is three years old. The causes and care of autism disorder are yet unknown. This paper posits that the symptoms and challenges of autism can be effectively managed by applying discrete trial teaching strategies, social stories or autistic individuals. The discourse was on what autism is, symptoms, likely causes and some strategies for managing individuals with autism in the home and school environments. The strategies discussed include Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA). Discrete Trial Teaching (DTT), Social Stories, Treatment and Education of Autistic and Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH) among others. Some of the implications highlighted included that counsellors must consider the significance of identifying the areas of need of the autistic pupils/students before designing programmes of intervention for them. Counsellors must be knowledgeable about the management strategies so that he/she can apply them to the autistic individuals’ challenges and areas of needs.
Keywords: Autism, Education, Management, Strategies, Counselling.
FEASIBLITY STUDY OF INTER-LIBRARY COOPERATION IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES: THE EXPERIENCE OF UNIVERSITY OF JOS LIBRARY.
ADUROGBOYE, OKIKI, JACOB, EMMANUEL ENEOJO
Library and Information Science Unit, Department of Social Science Education, Faculty of Education, University of Jos.
ABSTRACT
This Study was conducted to examine whether University of Jos Library engages in inter library cooperation and share resources with other Libraries. Three objectives guided the study. The research design adopted was survey method. The target population for the study was sixty-seven staff comprising academic, programmers and other para-professionals in the library. A sample size of forty-nine staff was selected for this study. The research instrument this study was self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics of frequency counts and percentages were used for data analysis for this research. The findings revealed that there were existing facilities in University of Jos Library to support inter library cooperation. These existing facilities include the followings: computers, telephone, internet Connectivity, book Stocks, among others. It was concluded that University of Jos Library engaged in Inter Library Cooperation. Based on the findings of the study the following recommendations among others were made: Effort should be made by University of Jos Library to borrow resources from other libraries more often to provide more resources to their users and to ensure more satisfaction, among others.
Keywords: Feasiblity, Inter-Library, Cooperation, University, Libraries.
LANGUAGE POLICY IN MULTILINGUAL SETTING: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
CORDELIA ADANMA GOLDFACE,
Department of General Studies Education, Federal College of Education Zaria
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the language policy in Multilingual society like Nigeria, problems andProspects.The study deals with bilingual education policy such as transitional, mono-literate and bi-literal etc. Nigeria is a multilingual country with over 500 different ethnic groups, is one of the country with the highest incidence of linguistic diversity in the world. The paper makes an attempt to resolve the majority minority dichotomy that exist along the line of language policy by allocating domains for different tiersof language that is found in the nation.
Keywords: Language policy, multilingualism, bilingualism
EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CYNICISM ON JOB PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN BAUCHI METROPOLIS
1ABDULLAHI ABUBAKAR SADIQ 2UMAR ABDULLAHI ³IKLIMAT AHMAD BURRA
1Department of Business Education ASCOE, Azare 2&3Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi
ABSTRACT
Educational institutions are one of the most important social institutions in a society. They carry an effective and directive position in a social setup. They are interdependent and grow effectively. Effectiveness lies in their perfect coordination in the direction of social expectations. The adequate organizational formation is inevitable for their effective delivery. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey method which is a form of the quasi-experimental research design. The study had a sample size of 214 employees drawn out from an accessible population of 499 bank employees in Port Harcourt using the Krejcie & Morgan (1970) table. The population of this study includes all staff of the four major service providers in Lagos State. The total number of employees of the four major players in Lagos State is 892. The current study employed probability method.
Keywords: Organizational, Cynicism, Performance, Public, Secondary.