International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (IJPAS) Vol. 14 (1) September, 2018
Published by:
Cambridge Research and Publications International,
Centre for African Humanity and Development Circle
(CAHDC), University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
Enugu State, Nigeria
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Papers:
SEED QUALITY STUDY IN PEPPER (Capsicum annuum Linn.) USING SEEDLING EMERGENCE AND ELECTRO-CONDCTIVITY AS INDICES
*IBRAHIM H., YUSUF S.T., ADEDIRAN, O.A., MUHAMMAD, A.N AND OLADIRAN J.A.
Department of Crop Production, Federal University of Technology, Minna.
Abstract
An investigation was conducted in the screen house of Crop Production Department, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria to determine the effect of two seed extraction methods (extraction of seeds from wet ripe fruits and extraction of seeds from dry fruits and two drying methods (sun and air) on seed quality of six pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars. The cultivars used were ‘Rodo-Dan Sokoto’ (RD-DSK), ‘Rodo Dan-Brini-Gwari’ (RD-DBG), ‘Tatashe Dan Kano’ (TS-DKA), ‘Tatashe Dan Kaduna’ (TS-DKD), ‘Shombo Dan Sokoto’ (SB-DSK) and Shombo Dan Guru’ (SB-DGU). The study was a 2 X 2 X 6 factorial experiment subjected to the Completely Randomized Design. The seeds of the different treatment combinations were placed in open plastic containers and stored at 80% relative humidity and 35 °C for eight weeks. Seedling emergence test was conducted every-other-week (two-weekly-interval). Seeds of cultivar ‘Shombo-Dan Guru’ (SB-DGU) generally recorded significantly higher seedling emergence percentage, longer seedling and lower electrical conductivity (EC) and greater longevity were recorded in cultivar ‘Shombo’ than in the other cultivars. Seeds of cultivar ‘TS-DKA’ recorded significantly lower values for all parameters except EC compared to all other genotypes. Seeds extracted from wet fruits before drying maintained viability for a longer period than those from dry fruits. Shade-drying resulted in significantly higher germination than sun-drying all through the storage period except in SB-DGU. The study revealed that longevity was better maintained when seeds of different pepper cultivars were extracted from wet fruits and afterwards dried in shade except in TS-DKA in which seeds extracted from shade-dried fruits had significantly greater quality than those of its other treatment combinations. Significant interaction effects of cultivar, extraction and seed drying methods were also recorded. Seed viability, seedling emergence and length declined with age while EC increased with age.
Keywords: Cultivar, extraction method, seedling emergence, sun- and shade-drying.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE COSMOLOGICAL BIG BANG THEORY OF THE UNIVERSE
EMMANUEL LEGHARA
Department of Industrial Physics Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigerian.
ABSTRACT
The most popular theory of our universe’s origin centers on a cosmic cataclysm unmatched in all of history—the big bang. This theory was born of the observation that galaxies are moving away from each other with great speed, in all directions, as if they had all been propelled by an ancient explosive force. This paper therefore reviews the big bang theory and its observational evidences and concludes with the present understanding of the Big Bang.
Keyword: galaxy, universe, big bang, explosion, atom
APPLICATION OF SOURCE PARAMETER IMAGING (SPI) TO ESTIMATE DEPTH TO MAGNETIC SOURCE, USING AEROMAGNETIC DATA OVER CHAD BASIN, NIGERIA
MOHAMMED, ADAMA1 AND MALLAM, ABU2
1Department of Physics, Niger State College of Education, Minna 2Department of Physics, University of Abuja, Abuja.
ABSTRACT
Application of Source Parameter Imaging (SPI) to Estimate Depth to magnetic source, using Aeromagnetic data over the Chad basin, Nigeria. The study area is bounded by latitude 12oN to 13.5oN and longitude 12.5oE to 14oE. It is covered by nine high resolution total magnetic intensity data maps covering a total area of 27,255 square kilometers. The maps were subjected to depth estimation using Source Parameter Imaging (SPI), The digital processing tools were achieved both on map and profile analysis. Result from source parameter imaging (SPI) shows a minimum depth of 2.831 km and a maximum depth of sedimentation of 6.373 km, Deepest region were majorly observed at the Southwestern parts of the area (Gubio and Masu) while the shallow depths is at southern part of the study area. These result was compared with results from previous researchers, the region of low magnetic susceptibility lineament could be referred to area of mineralization. The economic mineral resources like calcite, columbite, clay and sand alluvium available in the area could be found along the lineament delineated.
Keywords: Source, Parameter, Imaging, Estimate, Magnetic.
SOLUTION OF NON-LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS THAT MODEL POPULATION DYNAMICS USING THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHODS
BAZUAYE F.E
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Portharcourt, Rivers State.
This paper applied Laplace Transform Techniques to obtain solutions to non-linear differential equations that model Population dynamics. The new model identified four parameters that affect population growth, in contrast to the models in literature which considered only three parameters which are Births, deaths and overcrowding. The additional parameter is the epidemic. The solutions obtained in no overcrowding and no epidemic indicates a population growth. It shows that there exists a rise in the population abundance. But whenever the epidemic term is introduced into the model, there is a sharp decrease in population growth.
Keywords: Population growth, Model parameter, Simulation
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER VOLUMES, SHAPES, GLASS THICKNESSES AND WATER HOLDING CAPACITY OF 60 LITRES GLASS AQUARIA
OLAYIMIKA, S. O. A*, LAMAI, S. L*, OLUGBOJI, O. A** AND GARKIDA, A. D.***
*Water Resources, Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology Department, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State. ** Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, ***Department of Glass Technology Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria; Kaduna State.
ABSTRACT
The study determines the relationship between water volumes, glass thickness, and water holding capacity of three shapes of 60 Litres (L) glass aquaria. Glass aquaria were designed and constructed using 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm thicknesses glass for Tower, Prism and Cuboid shapes in triplicate and they were tested for leakages. Water was introduced into each aquarium and monitored under room condition for 49 days. A significant difference occurred (p < 0.05) in the volume of water that can be retained by various shapes and thicknesses of glass aquaria. 3 mm thickness glass aquaria failed in retention of water of 60 L in all the shapes with a significant difference (p < 0.05) between shapes. 4 mm and 5 mm thicknesses failed in Prism and Tower shaped, during and shortly after filing without a significant difference (p > 0.05), while Cuboid shaped retained water, without significant difference (p > 0.05) occurred between 4 mm and 5 mm glass thicknesses in water retention capacity. Significantly different (p < 0.05) occurred between shapes and between glass thickness. 4 mm and 5 mm thicknesses are recommended for the construction of Cuboid shaped 60 L aquaria. Aquaria builders have opportunity to offer quality aquaria to customers based on their demand using 4 mm and 5 mm glass thicknesses for Cuboid shaped glass aquaria. Opportunity for choice of glass thicknesses based on customers’ financial ability exist between 4 mm and 5 mm for Cuboid shaped glass aquaria, minimizing loss of time, money, power and materials and increase healthy nation, job creation and wealth for the people are attainable based on this research outcome.
Keywords: Aquarium, Glass thicknesses, Shapes, Water volumes and Water holding capacity
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF MONTHLY GENERATED REVENUE IN YOBE STATE
*BASHIR ALHAJI MUSTAPHA AND **AHMED SULE ASKIRA
*Statistics Department, Federal Polytechnic, Damaturu, Nigeria. **Statistics Department, Ramat Polytechnic, Maiduguri, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This research work is about “time series analysis of monthly generated revenue in Yobe State”. Revenue generation is one of the major aspects of government monetary policy and the country actually depends on the generated revenue for its expenditure. Therefore, economic growth is one of the major concerns of every government and without revenue it cannot be achieve. And the aims of this work is to visualize the pattern of revenue collection over the period, to forecast the future of revenue collection. The result of the analysis reveals that the slope has indicate an upward trend pattern.
Keywords: Series, Analysis, Monthly, Generated, Yobe State.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF NEEM SEED OIL (AZADIRACHTAINDICA) AND MORINGA SEED OIL( MORINGAOLEIFERA) ON SMOKED AFRICAN CAT FISH, CLARIASGARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822)
1MSHELIA, M. B. 1INUSA, M., 2RHYMOND, N. AND 1USMAN, G
1Department of Fisheries, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, P. M. B. 1069, Nigeria 2National Institue for Freshwater Fisheries Research, P. M. B. 6006, New Bussa, Niger State
ABSTRACT
Comparative study on the performance of neem seed (Azadirachtaindica) and moringa seed (Moringaoleifera) oil on smoked Clariasgariepinus stored at 28±20C was carried out. The aim was to find out the effect of neem seed oil and moringa seed oil on smoked Clariasgariepinus. Adult fish were obtained from Lake Alau to the Department of Fisheries for the experiment. The Fish were smoked differently using wood of neem tree and Moringa tree and the prepared oil of neem seed and moringa were applied during the smoking accordingly at different concentrations. The oil used was extracted by manual method of extraction. The smoked fish were kept for 6 months.Microbiological and proximate analyses were performed to investigate quality changes, and to determine the shelf stability of the products., proximate analysis and the weight changes were also determined and subjected to statistical analysis at (P>0.05).The results shows in the smoked Clariasgariepinus fish throughout storage, protein, fat and ash contents of the Azadirachtaindica oil and Moringaoleifera oil treated samples had marked percentage(%) increase compared to the control. The moisture content of treatments decreased with significant different from the treatment of Azadirachtaindica samples at different oil concentrations (0ml 5.60, 5ml 4.50, 10ml 5.0, and 15ml 4.10) and Moringaoleifera samples at different oil concentrations (0ml 5.40, 15ml 6.00, 10ml 6.10, 15ml 4.10), Moringaoleifera treatment one had the highest Crude Protein of 64.60, fat content of 39.0and both Azadirachtaindicatreatments and Moringaoleifera treatments have 95.90 dry matter content at treatment three. The result also revealed that samples treated with Azadirachtaindica and Moringaoleifera oil had lower bacterial count than the control and higher crude protein, ash and fat content were significantly different (P>0.05), when compared to proximate analyses of their products. This study has shown that Moringaoleifera oil gave high yield which had high antimicrobial capacity with potential nutritional and health applications to improve quality and extended shelf life of smoked fish.
Keywords: Comparative, Effect, Azadirachtaindica, Moringaoleifera and Clariasgariepinus.
INVITRO EFFECTS OF ETHANOL FRACTION OF FUNTUMIA ELASTICA ROOT ON LIVER MITOCHONDRIA MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY TRANSITION PORE AND ATPASE ACTIVITY
SIKIRU GBENGA KOLA, OBIDOLA S.M, EMEFIENE M.E, OLADEJO A.O, OLORUNDARE O.O
Federal college of Forestry, Jos, Plateau State, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria.
SIKIRU GBENGA KOLA, OBIDOLA S.M, EMEFIENE M.E, OLADEJO A.O, OLORUNDARE O.O
Federal college of Forestry, Jos, Plateau State, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
The present study evaluated the effects of ethanol fraction of the root of Funtumia elastic (EFFE), a medicinal plant with proven antioxidant and anti- inflammatory properties, on mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MMPT) pore. The effect of the fraction on MMPT pore was monitored spectrophotometrically as changes in absorbance at 540nm. In the absence of Ca2+ , varying concentrations (200, 600, 1000, and 1400μg/ml) of EFFE did not have significant inductive effect at lower concentrations but induced pore opening at 1000 and 1400µg/ml by 2.44 and 3.51 folds, while in the presence of calcium pore opening was inhibited by EFFE in a concentration-dependent manner. At concentrations of 200, 600, 1000, and 1400µg/ml, the percentage inhibition was 9.43, 24.04, 36.48, and 50.14% respectively when compared with the effect of spermine, a standard inhibitor which gave 71.58% inhibition. The EFFE also enhanced mitochondrial ATPase activity in a concentration dependent manner, and the enhancement at 200, 600, 1000, and 1400µg/ml was found to be 9.8± 0.009899, 12.93±0.028284, 23.83± 0.006364, and 26.97±0.002121 respectively. This finding suggests that EFFE contains bioactive agent(s) that induced the opening of the pore. This fraction will therefore be useful for the structural elucidation of the bioactive principle in the plant and for further studies in diseases that require increased apoptosis such as cancer.
Keywords: Funtumia elastica, Mitochondria Membrane Permeability Transition, Apoptosis, ATPase Activity
FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MORINGA OLEIFERA MULTI NUTRIENT BLOCK AS SUPPLEMENT FOR RUMINANT
J.A.JIBRIL1, A.A. MAKINTA1, A.A.MARTE1,
1Department of Animal Production Technology, Ramat Polytechnic, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria.
ABSRACT
A study on the formulations and development of Moringa oleifera multi nutrients block as a replacement for poultry litter, as supplement for ruminant animal in factorial arrangement of treatment (F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5) was conducted at Ramat Polytechnic Livestock Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Animal Production Technology, Maiduguri Borno state of Nigeria. The ingredients used for all the formulation were maize bran, wheat offal, millet bran, sorghum husk, cotton seed meal, palm kennel meal, beans husk, moringa, molasses, potash, bone meal, salt and cement respectfully. Except in F1 which has no cement, F2 has no okra, F3 has no moringa and F4 has no millet bran and F5 ha no cotton seed cake respectively. The proximate composition of the formulations were analyzed, the result for dry matter (DM) content ranged from 98.1-98.6 (F1-F5). The crude protein (CP) was high in F4 (5.69) and low in F1 (4.20) the crude fiber CF) was high in F1 (38.0) and low in F5 (2.0). The ash content ranged from 2.0-12.0 (F1-F5). The nitrogen free extract (NFE) ranges from (54.8-53.77) from F1 to F5. The moisture content (MC) range from 1.4 to 1.9 Two (2) binders were used (okra and cement) at 1.5 and 2.0. The cost effectiveness of 10Kg mixed producing 103 blocks was high in F5 (558) and low in F1 (417) this may be due to the absence of beans husk in F1 and sorghum husk that was used. The average cost of each unit of blocks was estimated at N49. The cost of all formulation and technology used is simple and not cost effective and could be affordable by a small holder farmer as a supplement for dry season feeding in the semi-arid environment of Nigeria. It is highly recommended that multi nutrient block should be as a supplement to ruminant livestock in the semi-arid zone of Nigeria so as to reciprocate their dependence on the poor quality forage and straws in other to meet their nutritional requirements for maintenance, production and growth.
Keywords: Moringa, okra, cement, wheat offal, millet bran, sorghum husk.
SUSTAINABLE IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER AND WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A REVIEW
SHERIFF, B1, GREMA L. U2, KURNA B.B3 LIMAN Y.M4, AND ALI M4.
1Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Ramat Polytechnic Borno State, Nigeria. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ramat Polytechnic Borno State, Nigeria. 3Department of Civil Engineering, University of Maiduguri. Borno State, Nigeria. 4Department Agricultural Technology. College of Agriculture Gujba. Yobe State, Nigeria.
Abstract
The paper reviewed sustainable implementation of water and wastewater infrastructures in developing countries. According to sources, sustainable implementation of water and wastewater infrastructure can only be achieved when there is good governance and political interest on the water infrastructural development. Despite the effort of various governments and international organisations to meet the demand gap of adequate freshwater resources the implementation failed in most of developing countries due to rapid population growth, urbanisation, climate change, poor sustainable skills and strategies for proper implementation of sustainable water and wastewater infrastructure and environmental management. Furthermore, the condition might be worse around sub-Saharan region, because of their fast population growth. In the region, the proportion of people who enjoyed piped water on their buildings, which is the preferred option for urban areas, really reduced from 42% to 34% (WHO and UNICEF, 2014a). This is obviously shows that access to ‘safe’ drinking water sources continues to be a main problem in cities in the developing world. Similarly, the trends are the same in good sanitary services. Urban inhabitants without access to better hygiene increased by 40%, from 541 to 754 million, between 1990 and 2012 (WHO and UNICEF, 2014a).
Keywords: Infrastructure, Pollution, Sustainability, Urbanization, and Water
SHERIFF, B1, GREMA L. U2, KURNA B.B3 LIMAN Y.M4, AND ALI M4.
1Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Ramat Polytechnic Borno State, Nigeria. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ramat Polytechnic Borno State, Nigeria. 3Department of Civil Engineering, University of Maiduguri. Borno State, Nigeria. 4Department Agricultural Technology. College of Agriculture Gujba. Yobe State, Nigeria.
Abstract
The paper reviewed sustainable implementation of water and wastewater infrastructures in developing countries. According to sources, sustainable implementation of water and wastewater infrastructure can only be achieved when there is good governance and political interest on the water infrastructural development. Despite the effort of various governments and international organisations to meet the demand gap of adequate freshwater resources the implementation failed in most of developing countries due to rapid population growth, urbanisation, climate change, poor sustainable skills and strategies for proper implementation of sustainable water and wastewater infrastructure and environmental management. Furthermore, the condition might be worse around sub-Saharan region, because of their fast population growth. In the region, the proportion of people who enjoyed piped water on their buildings, which is the preferred option for urban areas, really reduced from 42% to 34% (WHO and UNICEF, 2014a). This is obviously shows that access to ‘safe’ drinking water sources continues to be a main problem in cities in the developing world. Similarly, the trends are the same in good sanitary services. Urban inhabitants without access to better hygiene increased by 40%, from 541 to 754 million, between 1990 and 2012 (WHO and UNICEF, 2014a).
Keywords: Infrastructure, Pollution, Sustainability, Urbanization, and Water
P.Y.IGWE1, E.N. EKAKA-A2, A.O.NWAOBURU 2 AND J.U.ATSU3
1Department of Mathematics, Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku, Rivers State, Nigeria. 2Department of Mathematics, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. 3Department of Mathematics/Statistics, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria.
Abstract
Modelling the effect of decreasing the inter-competition coefficient between two phytoplankton species from the value of 0.0025 to 0.049 has clearly shown an evidence of biodiversity gain for the first phytoplankton species and a biodiversity loss for the second phytoplankton species. Therefore, an appropriate ecological policy should be put in place to sustain the biodiversity gain and also to mitigate against the loss of biodiversity. These novel results that we have not seen elsewhere are fully presented and discussed.
Keywords: ecology, phytoplankton species, differential effects, biodiversity value, inter-competition.