28th Academic Conference on Knowledge and Sustainable Development: Inter-Disciplinary Approach (UniIlorin, 2022)

THEME: SUB-SAHARA INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND NEW DISCOVERIES IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

DATE: 30^th November, 2022

VENUE: UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, ILORIN, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA.

ORGANIZERS: SUB-SAHARA AFRICAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS.

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CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS:

OVERVIEW OF LEGAL ISSUES  IN THE PROTECTON  OF INDIGENOUS  HERBS FOR  THE  TREATMENT  OF COVID -19  AND  OTHER  AILMENTS .

Lateefat Adeola Bello

Department of Commercial Law, ABU, Zaria

ABSTRACT

Medicine is as old as man; the  consensus is that nature has a cure for every ailment. In time past life-threatening diseases that defied orthodox medicine were successfully treated in many parts of the world with traditional herbs some of which have now been converted to drugs and supplements used by patients. Nature in itself is  replete in the environment around us. Nigeria is richly blessed with abundance of herbs. The infusion from some of these herbs, have been traditionally and successfully used in the treatments of ailments that have defied orthodox medical treatment.  While the Covid -19  pandemic engulfs the world creating  confusion in  treatment and applicable remedies in its  wake, many countries have attempted the application of alternative medicine for the management of this widespread disease. The use of indigenous  herbs in  this instance should ordinarily be a welcome development, but  the  possible use of herbs in the instance case has been trailed with lots of bad publicity that  created fear even amongst Nigerians many of whom  may have in the past  used these remedies for one ailment or another . This has raised  multitude of  questions on the effectiveness  and reliability of herbs, what impedes the use(s) of herbs ? Are there  requisite  legal and institutional framework to address the possible  use of herbs for the treatment of Covid -19  and other related illnesses? and what are the  measures  that must be put in place to protect this age long indigenous method for treatment of illnesses as  a stop gap treatment in  future  occurrences . To address these questions, this paper adopts a doctrinal approach in its analysis of  existing position on herbal cure,  gave overview of attempts to protect the indigenous knowledge of herbs  and concludes with recommendations on providing an enabling legal environment to encourage, research and use of herbs as alternative to orthodox medicine as immediate and preparatory strategies in the fight against pandemics   where orthodox treatment  may fail to yield the desired results.

Keywords: Herbs, Covid -19 pandemic, Indigenous, Knowledge  legal framework

IMPACT OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY ON WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION IN CHANCHAGA AND BOSSO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA

JIBRIN, ABDULLAHI; & SULEIMAN, M.Y.

Department of Geography, Federal University of Technology Minna

Abstract

This paper examined the impact of climate variability on water supply and distribution in Chanchaga and Bosso Local Government Areas, Niger State, Nigeria. The study used both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data were sourced from the administration of questionnaire to two groups, namely, selected agencies of government directly involved in water supply management and the general public located in the study area. Other primary data include oral interview and field survey. Secondary data sources include water supply, rainfall, temperature and relative humidity which were sourced from Niger State Water Board Minna and Nigerian Meteorological Agency (Abuja). The methods of data analysis include linear trend, multiple regression and descriptive statistics. The result revealed that the distribution of annual rainfall tend to be increasing despite the fluctuation in some years (2004 to 2006, 2013 to 2015). The highest annual rainfall was recorded in the year 2012 with 1520.9mm while the low annual rainfall was recorded in the 2013 with 793.5mm. The result also shows that there is gradual rise in temperature and reaching its peak in the later days of February through March to April. Since this period coincide with dry season, recharge to groundwater reduces which affect water availability and distribution across the study area. The finding shows that the highest water supply was recorded in the month of September with 410M³ while the lowest was recorded in the month of May with 240M³. The distribution shows that 2006 ranked the highest with 4410M³ while the 2007 ranked the least with 3754M³. Correlation coefficient of 0.65 for water supply indicates moderate degree of association between maximum temperature and annual water supply. Correlation coefficient of 0.57 for water supply indicates moderate degree of association between relative humidity and annual water supply. This shows that, the higher annual rainfall, the higher the water supply. This study has described in detail the impact of climatic variability on water supply and distribution in study area.

Keywords: Climate Variability, Water Supply and Distribution, Annual Rainfall

ANALYSIS OF PHYSIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF POLLUTANTS ACCUMULATED IN A RIVER BED SEDIMENT

¹BILYAMINU WUDINI BARAU AND ²NASIRU YAHAYA AHMED

¹Department of Biological Science, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria. ²Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering Technology. Federal Polytechnic Bali, Taraba State, Nigeria.

Abstract:

The potential sources of water contamination are geological conditions, industrial and agricultural activities, and water treatment plants. Poor water quality affects not only aquatic life but the surrounding ecosystem as well. From the result the mean value of the Physiochemical parameters are; temperature is 28.16 ^oC, pH is 8.18, conductivity is 38.55, DO is 7.11 and TDS is 3.05. The values of water quality parameters collected from different point of the river were found to be within the recommended limits of WHO and NDWQS. The concentrations of the heavy metals were also measured and found to be well below the standard maximum concentrations. Similarly, the mean value of heavy metal concentration in the sediment were as follows; Cr = BLD, Cd = 0.059 mg/kg, Cu = 17.52 mg/kg, Zn = 1.753 mg/kg, and Pb = 0.025 mg/kg. Hence the result revealed that heavy metals concentration in the sediment were within Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/WHO limit. Concentrations of heavy metals in the sediment and the water were within the recommended limit for fishing, irrigation and other domestic activities. Therefore, these metals have no immediate health threat on the surrounding ecosystem that are benefiting from River Taraba at Bali, but periodic monitoring of heavy metals in the River is recommended since the river serves as a source of fish, irrigational farming and other domestic activities for all-year-round.

Keywords: Physiochemical parameters, River bed sediment, Heavy Metals, pollution.

MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR THE PREDICTION OF RAINFALL IN MINNA, NIGER STATE NIGERIA USING ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS IN MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES

JIYA, SAMUEL BABANMA¹   YISA, DORCAS N² IORNONGO TERSEER³

^{1 and 2}Department of Geography Niger State College of Education, Minna, Nigeria ³Department of Geography, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Rainfall prediction remains a serious concern and has attracted governments, industries, risk management entities, and the scientific communities. This study is to develop a model for the prediction of rainfall in Minna, Niger State Nigeria. Four-year atmospheric data consisting of rainfall, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and relative humidity spanning from 2018 to 2021 was acquired from the Department of Geography, Niger State College of Education Minna, Niger State. Three machine learning models were used for the rainfall prediction. There are linear regression, decision tree and random forest. The idea is to experiment with the three models and select the best prediction model for the data. The data was split into two, the training set and the testing set at a ratio of 80:20. The results show that the random forest model out-performed the other models with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 1.60 mm and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 4.05 mm. This is followed by the decision tree model with MAE of 2.48 mm and RMSE of 6.04 mm and the worst performing model is the linear regression with a MAE of 4.24mm and a RMSE of 6.90 mm. Hence random Forest was selected and used to formulate a computer-based rainfall prediction Application (App) using python tool. The App’s user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) provides easy access to rainfall prediction especially for less technical users. It is recommended that accurate data be incorporated for a better rainfall prediction.

Keywords: Prediction, Machine language, model development, weather parameters

PROMOTING INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE TOWARDS A SUSTANABLE GREEN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

¹ODETOYE SUNDAY ADEOLA, ²ABUBAKAR ALIYU MUNKAILA & ³KABIRU ZAKARI ⁴OSUNKUNLE  ABDULMAGEED

¹Department of Architecture, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. ^{2,3 &4}Department of Architectural Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria

Abstract

Most of the indigenous architecture are usually made of local construction technology and local construction method which shows a careful thought in this style of building, the choice of materials is readily available and fits our tropical climate. Some of the popular and noticeable architecture are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba – the three popular tribes in Nigeria. Due to the current trend of the economic recession, the initiation of this work looks primarily into the concept of providing a low cost home and food security. Architecture and green economy resources showcase buildings that produce plants and animals. The organic technology resources here focus on the production of different high value crops like tomatoes, vegetables, maize, and beans. Other components of the integrated farm include chicken (native and exotic), cow, goat and ram raising with fish culture. The approaches to fertilizer uses, pests and diseases control is purely organic in nature, in which, raw materials come from available farm wastes, indigenous plants and crops that are easily found and grown within the area or nearby areas. However, the need for design, construction and management of such two in one building facilities are too much of a heavy burden to bear due to some circumstances beyond the control of the masses. Hence, the work is aimed at studying the various concepts in achieving sustainable green economy development in terms of how to obtain and use architectural innovations, waste to wealth initiatives, constructions, cutting-edge technologies, principles, laws and regulations among others. As a result of the above, this paper revisits as well as appraises the issues and challenges of architecture and integrated green economy resources for positive implementation and benefits for the masses.

Key words:  Innovations, technology, recession, sustainable and masses

ACCESS TO AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES AMONG CROP FARMERS IN NORTHERN TARABA STATE, NIGERIA

¹JOSHUA, J.J, ²NDAGHU, A.A AND     ³BASHIR, M.B

¹Department of crop science, college of agriculture Jalingo, Taraba state, Nigeria. ²Department of Agriculture Economics and Extension, Moddibo Adama University Yola,Adamawa State, Nigeria. ³National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

The study assessed agricultural extension services among crop farmers in Northern Taraba State, Nigeria. Specifically the study describe the socio-economic characteristics of crop farmers, assessed crop farmers access  to agricultural extension services and assess the agricultural extension services desired by crop farmers. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select one hundred and sixty one (161) farmers for the study, comprising of 65, 65 and 39 from Ardo-Kola, Lau and Zing Local Government Areas respectively. Frequency, percentage and mean ranking were used to analyse the data for the study. Results shows that the mean age of  the farmers were 35 years, majority (73.9%), 67.1% were male, 59.6% were married while 67.1% had acquired primary and secondary education (59.6%), with farming as their primary occupation (54.0%) and had a mea household size of 7 persons precisely small scale farmers (60.1%) who cultivates <2 ha with no or less contact to extension service (64.%) in the last cropping season, despite the fact that majority (54.7%) were members of cooperative societies, they (65.8%) had no access to credit facilities as well had a mean annual income of N124, 539.00. The result of desired extension services by the farmers  such as improved seeds (79.5%), pest and disease management practices (88.8%), fertilizer application (77.0%), weed management (72.7), storage and post harvest handling (86.3%), farm tools and machineries (90.1%), security (88.2%) respectively. Result of the logit regression reveals gender (0.0267) and membership of organization (0.0981) were positive and statistically significant at 5%. Based on the findings it is recommended that more extension workers needs to be employ  so as to meet up with the high demand of extension services, government and NGOs should proffer communicable means of presenting information to rural farmers..

Keyword: Access to Agricultural Extension Services, Crop Farmers,  Northern Taraba

A SURVEY OF PERCEPTION (ON HEALTH EFFECTS OF) MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE (A TYPICAL FOOD ADDITIVE COMMONLY USED AS FLAVOURING AGENT) AND ATTITUDES AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS IN SOKOTO, NIGERIA

NAFISA ABDULRAHMAN ASHAFA

Department of Biology, Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto, Nigeria

Abstract:

In recent years, there is approval of thousands of additives to our food. But by the days many studies especially in animals have shown that food additives are associated with side/health effects. Particularly, the monosodium glutamate has been approved by many constituted authorities to be used in foods, despite the numerous health effects reported to be caused by MSG in animal studies and few studies in humans. In short, MSG is a revolving axis of controversy on whether it is safe or not. This study employed a survey was. Therein, 420 questionnaires were distributed and 375 were retrieved later, using a tripartite of random, purposive, and convenience sampling fashions. The data collected were managed and descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS version 16. The respondent’s awareness on various names of MSG is diverse. Ajinomoto have the highest (80%) submission, then E261(40%), then Chinese salt (32%) and lastly Ginseng powder (20%). bread (40%), chicken (72%), mayonnaise (60%), restaurant food (93%), chocolate (32%), and rice (60%). Likewise, the knowledge on side (health) effects of MSG vouch by the respondents is something appreciable in most of the questions asked. Parable, obesity (52%), neuronal (72%), breathing problems (40%), liver inflammation (76%), nausea (88%), headache (88%), and endocrine dysfunction (76%). The respondents are mostly aware of the basic knowledge of MSG and they do believed that care should be taken when buying food products. There is need for advocacy, health education campaigns about the possible health effects of the MSG and related food chemicals.

Keywords: Food, monosodium glutamate, humans, attitudes, students

THE IMPLICATIO OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ON THE HEALTH OF RESIDENTS IN ILORIN WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF KWARA STATE

ADEKANYE, EMMANUEL SUNDAY¹,AKINBAMI, BABATUNDE SAHEED², FAMILUA O. SOLOMON³ AND AKINYEDE A. OLUMIDE⁴

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin.^1&2 Department of Achitectural Technology, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin.³ Department of Surveying and Geo-informatic, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin.⁴

ABSTRACT

Urban areas in Nigeria today, are facing the problems of pile heaps of solid wastes in their environment. This is as a result of pressure of population growth, spontaneous urbanization and industrialization. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effects of solid waste management and its implications on the health of the residents in the study area with the view of making some possible suggestion towards sustainable environmental sanitation in the area. A total number of 260 copies of questionnaires were administered using a purposive sampling technique while 250 cpoies were retrieved and analyzed. It was discovered that most of the wastes that are prominent in the study area are either garbage or paper/nylon, The study also shows that 24.8% of residents make use of sack for the collection of waste, 21.6% make use of bucket for the collection of waste, From the study it was also revealed that 40.8% of respondents in the area disposed their waste through personal efforts which is the highest while 32.4% make use of government agency among others The research project concludes with recommendations which proffer solutions to the identified problems in the course of the study, such as; Improved funding of the sanitation and health board responsible for solid waste management in the state, continuous enlightenment of the people, encouraging private sector in active management of waste ,Control of waste disposal system staff officers by the agencies, channelization of liquid waste to the location of septic tanks, employment of well trained and skilled personnel provision of waste vehicles in the study area, provision of well experienced and capable manager of environmental waste, Adequate patrol/monitoring of waste sites involved, provision of security personnel to the various waste sites, among others.

Keywords:  Waste, Environment, Public health, Management, Environmental waste, Health, Environmental health.

MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ITS IMPACT ON INCULCATING ENTREPRESNEURIAL SPIRIT IN NIGERIAN YOUTHS

BELLO HASSAN; & NASIRU GARBA KANGIWA

Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, Kebi State

Abstract

Nigeria is blessed with abundant natural resources but still suffers from low levels of human development (UNDP, 2018) and is rank 142^nd among the 177 countries in 2018. This is deterring the need for a huge effort by the government and stakeholders to make more effort in boosting national human capital, part of which could be achieved through innovation and creativity. To offset these deficiencies key measures taken in Nigeria include the establishment of the first African Institute of Science and accreditation standards and the mandatory scheme for entrepreneurship education across state universities by the National Universities Commission (NUC). These “high-end” initiatives supplement the numerous training programs referred to above suggesting the importance of multiple forms of entrepreneurial support activity necessary for an aspiring and developing economy. In the Americas and Europe, young people are creating million-dollar businesses out of their ideas, and Nigerian youths are just as creative as other young folks in other climes. This paper examines the arguments put forward by three popular theories in entrepreneurship literature, namely, the neo-classic motivation theory of entrepreneurship, the innovation theory, and the alert theory of entrepreneurship, and posits that the assertions made in these theories serve as a source of motivation and inculcate entrepreneurial spirits in the unemployed Nigerian youths.

Keywords: Motivational Theories, Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurial Spirit, Nigeria, Nigerian Youths

UNDERSTANDING THE LANGUAGE OF LINE IN ARCHITECTURE: KEY TO A PERFECT ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHICAL DESIGN PRESENTATION

AGBODIKE CHINEDU CHIGOZIE

Department of Architecture, P.M.B 1012, Federal Polytechnic Kaura Namoda, Zamfara State Nigeria.

Abstract:

Line encompasses virtually everything both living and non-living things on the surface of this earth. To draw a human shape, we need line, to draw a tree, we need line, to draw a vehicle, it is line, to draw a building, it is also line. Understanding the language of line in Architecture, is something that is key to perfect graphical design presentation for a student of architecture, a graduate of architecture, a mentor in architecture and even for professionals in related courses such as Civil engineering, Mechanical engineering, Structural engineering etc. The author has to this respect been able to briefly define what line is in the introduction, also has talked about the different types of lines, line weights, how the architect uses line weights, clues to the use of lines weights, the meaning of language and more importantly the meaning of a “Perfect” Graphical Design Presentation. Any layman, would be able to understand this piece, and it will also serve more as an eye opener for others in related fields.

Keywords: Language, Line, Architecture, Graphical, Design, Presentation.

EVALUATION OF USERS’ SATISFACTION WITH HOSTEL MANAGEMENT FACILITIES AND SERVICES IN TERTIARY INSTITUTION IN MINNA

EYINLA OPEYEMI LUCKY¹; SULE ABBASS IYANDA²

Department of Estate Management and Valuation, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi Edo State¹ Department of Estate Management and Valuation, Federal University of Technology Minna²

ABSTRACT

The study evaluated the users’ satisfaction in tertiary institution in Minna. The employed census sampling to administer 785 based numbers of hostel rooms across the selected tertiary institutions and total number of 560 questionnaires were returned. The study employed both descriptive analysis of mean and relative important index to establish the level of satisfaction among the users. The study firstly carried out cronbach alpha test to reliability of the responses from the respondents, the result revealed that there is high level of internal consistency among the responses. The hostel facilities were sub-divided into physical features, social amenities and management services, the result of relative important index revealed that 0.672(67.2%), 0.573(57.3%) and 0.621(62.1%) for  physical fixtures, social amenities and management services respectively. This result revealed that users of the hostels were fairly satisfied with functional performance of hostel facilities and the study therefore recommends that there should be regular maintenance of hostel facilities as to improve the users’ satisfaction in the tertiary institutions. 

Keywords: users’ satisfaction, tertiary institution, hostel, facilities, physical fixtures, social amenities and management services etc.

A REVIEW OF TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN NIGERIA

BARR NZEWI CHINO NNENNE

Department of Business Administration, Federal Polytechnic Oko

ABSTRACT

Over the years, the common law has maintained the at-will doctrine which is to the effect that an employer can terminate an employment contract with an employee for good reason, bad reason or no reason at all. By virtue of Nigeria‟s historical ties with the common-law, it adopted this position. The ILO Convention No. 158 on Termination of Employment makes an attempt to put an end to the common-law employment-at-will doctrine by stating that an employer is now required to give valid reasons before termination. In Nigeria, employment in the private sector usually involves that of a master-servant relationship and accordingly, an employer can terminate an employment relationship with an employee by merely giving notice, or payment of salary in lieu of notice, irrespective of the motive. Unfortunately however, this harsh position has worked an untold hardship on employees because of their obvious weaker bargaining power when negotiating employment contracts. The National Industrial Court of Nigeria (the NIC) which is vested with exclusive jurisdiction on labour and employment matters has recently applied the ILO Convention 158 to so decide matters against unfair termination. In the same vein, the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal, both superior courts have decided certain termination of employment cases relying on the common-law doctrine. This has raised several academic debates particularly as Nigeria has signed the convention but is yet to domesticate it. In light of the above, this paper seeks to review the framework for the termination of employment contracts in the private sector and the applicability of the ILO Convention 158 under the Nigerian constitutional framework. This paper will conclude by suggesting the need for the superior courts to take a definitive position as it relates to termination of employment contracts in the private sector.

Keywords: Termination, Employment-at-will, Common Law, Private Sector and Nigeria.

PRODUCT PACKAGING AND ITS IMPACT ON SALES VOLUME OF CONSUMER SHOPPING GOODS

KOCE, HENRY DIKO & BELLO, BABATUNDE SIKIRU

Abstract

Traditionally, the primary function of a product’s package was to contain and protect a product but recent packaging trend and emergence has seen increased competition and clutter on retail store shelves make packaging an important marketing tool. This, by implication, means that packages must now perform many sales tasks ranging from attracting attention, describing the product, to making the sale. This study examined two product packaging variables (colour and design) and their impacts on sales volume of consumer shopping goods. The study adopted survey research design and the population comprised of the retail stores selling consumer shopping goods in Bida from which 25 were selected using convenience sampling. Well-structured questionnaire was carefully designed to elicit information from the selected retail outlets and they were analysed using SPSS and path analysis with two models. The results of the study indicated that packaging colour has a positive and significant impact on sales volume of consumer shopping goods; it also showed that packaging design has a positive and significant impact on sales volume of consumer shopping goods. It was therefore concluded that all the established relationships between product packaging and sales volume of consumer shopping goods were positive and significant thereby leading to the rejection of the claimed hypotheses (H1 and H2) and acceptance of alternative ones. It was therefore recommended that marketers and producers should ensure they design attractive and cost-effective packages to serve as a selling point for their products. Also, management of firms should make sure that their product packages are not deceptive to customers.

KEYWORDS: Consumers; Product packaging, Impact, Sales volume, Consumer, Shopping goods

AUTOMATED VISUAL INSPECTION TO DETECT CRACKS IN BOTTLES USING NEURAL NETWORK

O.S. YEKINI

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Allover Central Polytechnic, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria.

ABSTRACT

Advances in computer technology have produced a surge of interest in image analysis during the last decade. Considerable efforts have been dedicated to solving the problem of recognition and characterization of object found in an image. Until the 70’s the use of optical techniques was predominant. Since the beginning of the 80’s due to the advances in the microelectronics field and the developments of parallel architecture, digital techniques have been applied. The issue of quality control is an important aspect of today’s highly competitive industry. One important way to improve the quality of the end product is to inspect the output of each manufacturing process. However, manual inspection of end product slows down the entire process as it becomes costly, time consuming and also may impact the effectiveness of human labour due to the hazardous atmosphere of industry. Data set for minor and major cracks obtained were used to train neural network classifiers using a Back propagation algorithm. A performance goal of 95% is reached after training. A Back propagation algorithm is a reliable classifier in machine vision.

Keywords: Recognition, Microelectronics, Back propagation, Neural network, Classifier

EFFECT OF COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES ON GROWTH OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN EAST-NIGERIA

MOHAMMED MUSTAPHA IBRAHIM

Department of Business Administration and Management, School of Management Sciences,  Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi state, Nigeria

Abstract

The ever changing and turbulent competitive business environment pose major challenges to large auditing firms like any other organization in Nigeria and manager shave been struggling to compete favorably. The specific objectives of the study are to establish the effects product penetration strategy, product development strategy and market development strategy on the SMEs growth in north east, Nigeria.The study adopted a quantitative research with the specific research design being a cross sectional survey design. The population of the study was classified into five  states in the north east Nigeria. The sampling frame was 180 SMEs arising five states of which a sample size of 123 SMEs were extensively surveyed to ascertain the impact of competitive advantage on growth of SMEs. The sampling technique used was stratified random sampling. Primary data was collected by use of questionnaires which were administered through drop and pick method. Data screening was done to identify any missing data and it was further tested for reliability and normality. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha. Normality was tested using Kurtosis, Skewness and Kolmogorrov Smirnov (K-S) test. Outliers in the data were identified by use of a Stem and Leaf graph. Multicolinearity was also tested and all study variables were found to be free from any multicolinearity. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. Descriptive statistics e.g standard deviations and T-tests were used for preliminary tests. Inferential statistics such as Pearson’s correlation, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were used for further analysis. The key findings were that competitive advantage had a positive influence on the growth of SMEs in north east Nigeria.. The study recommends managerial and policy adjustments in line with strategic management practices to enhance competitiveness of SMEs in the north east, Nigeria.

KEYWORDS:, Competitive strategy, product development, SMEs     

PHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WATER USING WATER TREATMENT MODEL (A CASE STUDY OF LAGOS BRIDGE MAIDUGURI, BORNO STATE.

AHMED TIJANI GUBIO¹, ZARA KYARI KOLO¹, GAMBO ZUBAIRU¹ AND HASSAN SANI BIU¹

Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri. Borno State.

ABSTRCT

Surface water is the second most common source of drinking water on the planet after ground water. It is a source of water that can easily be contaminated by physical, chemical and biological parameters. These parameters have to be removed or controlled to a permissible limit set for drinking water quality standards. This study looks at the effect of the performance of a water treatment plant model. A selected surface water sample from the Lagos Bridge was passed through seven (7) stage of the treatment model which includes screening, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and collection. Five physical parameters which includes colour, turbidity, pH, Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solids of the sample water was tested for before and after treatment. The treated water sample was clear of colour and turbidity after treatment though the pH, EC and TDS value increased after treatment, dosage of both alum (coagulant) and chlorine (disinfectant) was assumed for the study.

Keywords: screening unit, coagulation unit, flocculation unit, sedimentation unit, filtration unit, disinfection unit and collection unit.

HARNESSING THE POTENTIAL OF NIGERIAN PIDGIN TO SERVE AS A TOOL FOR NATIONAL INTEGRATION

IBRAHIM, MUSTAPHA AFOLABI; AUTA, IBRAHIM KANYA; & KAJINYANA, JOSEPH AYEACE

Department of English, Kebbi State Polytechnic, Dakingari

Abstract

This paper critically examined the issues surrounding the choice of an indigenous language(s) as Nigeria’s national language, and resolved that provided focus remains on the indigenous languages, the national language question will continue to linger in the Nigerian linguistic space in spite of the provisions in the language policy. It argued that Nigerian Pidgin is a language capable of not only being the national language for Nigeria, but has all the potential to serve as a unifying factor and a major tool for enhancing national integration in a nation so divided along ethnic lines. It concluded that seeing as Nigeria’s national language issue may never be peacefully resolved in favour of an indigenous mother tongue due to the multiplicity of languages and the deep affinity that their speakers have with them, the Nigerian government should consider recognizing, standardizing and adopting Nigerian Pidgin as Nigeria’s national language and as the language for instruction and research.

Keywords: Nigerian Pidgin, national language, indigenous languages, multilingualism

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF FLOOD REOCCURRENCE ON CROP PRODUCTION IN PARTS OF KOGI STATE, NIGERIA

UNANKA, BONA DON DUKE; & PROF. M.B. YUNUSA

Department of Geography, Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State

ABSTRACT

The impact of reoccurring flood events have been observed in areas such as Okene and Idah Local Government Areas as well as other areas experiencing floods leading to displacement of populations with the built environment destroyed and agricultural losses. It has not only left several people homeless, destroyed their agricultural businesses and built properties. Therefore, these devastating and recurrent impacts of floods will form the basis of this paper. The sources of data used in this study include primary and secondary sources of data. Data collected for this study were analysed statistically through frequency percentage, mean, logic regression model, 5-point likert scale and 3-point likert type scale in the study area. The study revealed that the highest annual rainfall was recorded in the year 2010 with 1683.1mm while the lowest annual rainfall was recorded in the 2009 with 938.7mm. This shows that annual reoccurring flood events is increasing since one major cause of flood events is increased annual rainfall of the study area. The study revealed that the causes of flood hazard in the study area include heavy rainfall, poor drainage system, overflow of River Niger and Benue, blockage in the drainage and siltation of the river. The study established that 41% of the household’s experiences loss of crops on farmland, 29% indicated loss of properties and building, 20% loss of human lives and livestock, while 10% indicates the loss of money. Most of the losses to these assets were attributed to farmlands and households’ proximity to flood prone areas. From the study, it was clear that farmlands and produce were affected by reoccurring flood events and this has affected the source of income of the farmers located in the study area. The current coping strategies being employed by most respondents were not very effective. The finding revealed that the flood coping strategies were not sustainable because they had been using them and yet the situation did not seem to improve.  Kogi State Ministry of Agriculture should through the Extension Services encourage the communities to increase the area cultivated on the upland to enhance the food security at household level.

Keywords: Flood, Flood Reoccurrence, Crop Production Farmlands, and Farm Produce

IMPACT OF INDIGENOUS EDUCATION ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE EDUCATION IN NIGERIAN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

USMAN, ADISA ISSA; & AYUBA, OLANIYI JIBRIL

Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of indigenous education on the achievement of sustainable education in Nigerian tertiary institutions. The study was survey descriptive in nature. The population for the study was all students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria. The target population was drawn from 200l students from the Faculty of Education. 100 students was sampled using simple random sampling technique for the study.  An adapted questionnaire was used in the study titled Impact of Indigenous Education on the Achievement of Sustainable Education in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions. The reliability of the instrument was carried out with reliability index of 0.77. Three research questions were answered in the study. The study revealed that indigenous education has strong positive impact on achievement of sustainable education in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions. It was therefore recommended that government at all level should prioritize indigenous education.

Keywords: Impact, Indigenous Education, Achievement, Tertiary Institution 

 “Using God’s Name to sell and Market” CONTEMPORARY INFLUENCE OF RELIGION ON SALES AND MARKETING OF GOODS AND SERVICES IN NIGERIA

AYOZIE DANIEL OGECHUKWU (PhD); & MUKTAR ALI MOHAMMED

Department of Business Administration, Federal University Lokoja, P.M.B 1154 Lokoja, Kogi State Nigeria

ABSTRACT

A religion is a particular set of beliefs in a god, or gods and the activities connected with these beliefs, e.g. the Christian or Moslem/Islamic religion. A religion is belief in a god or gods. A religious person has a strong belief in a god or gods. Every country has its own different political, economics, socio-cultural, technological, religious, and legal characteristics, and these variables determine the way marketing is studied and practiced.  These external variables especially the socio-cultural (religious beliefs) determine the way marketing is practiced, and how goods and services are bought and sold.  Nigeria, the country of study has two major religions (Christianity and Islam), and others like the African Traditionally Religion (ATR) which has its deities, priest and shrines of worship. ATR is still popular among certain tribe and ethnic nationalities in Nigeria.  Every marketing practice introduced by people of these religious divides, tend to favour their adherents.  This study examines the negative influence of religion on marketing practice, and discovers that religion and religious beliefs have a negative influence on marketing practice in Nigeria, especially in the alcoholic beverage, food and drinks industry. The adverse effects are also seen in the consumption of pork meat, the services and the cigarette producing industries.  Religion determines what people sell, buy or eat in Nigeria. In fact, it greatly determines how products are advertised and sold.  Thus in carrying out marketing practice the religious beliefs must be considered, although it should not discourage the marketer from performing their functions. Religions beliefs, norms and value have negative impact on marketing practice in Nigeria.

Keywords: Religion, Marketing, Sales, Islamic, Christianity, Belief

EFFECT GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES ON ENTERPRENUERSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE METROPOLIS.

¹NASIRU ABDULLAHI; ² MUHAMMAD YUNUSA;

¹Department of Business Administration, Gombe State University,Gombe State, Nigeria. ²Department of Accounting Gombe State Polytechnic Bajoga, Gombe State, Nigeria. ³Department of General studies Gombe State Polytechnic Bajoga, Gombe State, Nigeria. ⁴Department of Statistics Gombe State Polytechnic Bajoga, Gombe State, Nigeria. ⁵Department of Statistic Gombe State Polytechnic Bajoga, Gombe State, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the effect of government initiatives on the development of entrepreneurship in Gombe metropolis, Gombe state, Nigeria. The populations of the study consist of 900 businesses that are registered with the ministry of commerce, trade and industry Gombe state. The sample of this research is determined by using Morgan table. And samples of 269 registered businesses are used. Data were analyzed with the aid of Multiple Regression (Ordinary Least Square Estimation) and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Results showed that anchor borrowers scheme and Nirsal microfinance loan have positive and significant influence on businesses development. Additionally, anchor borrowers scheme and nirsal micro finance loan jointly contribute about 42.9% to the development businesses. The study therefore, recommended that government should have a policy in place through its developmental programmes to encourage businesses to grow.

KEYWORDS: Anchor borrower’s scheme, Nirsal micro finance loan, Entreprenuership development.

NEW DIMENSIONS FOR THE MOTIVATION OF NIGERIAN WORKERS IN THE 21^ST CENTURY AND POSSIBLE WAYS OF PROMOTING DEVELOPMENT.

*VEN EGESI JONATHAN.C; *NWARU CHRISTIANA CHINWE; & **AZUBUIKE CHINEDUM AUGUSTA

*Imo State Polytechnic, Omuma, Oru-East **Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri

Abstract

Nigerian workers have been discovered to be contributory to development and growth of the Nigeria. One fact that must be mentioned is the fact that as a country Nigeria as a country cannot boast of any form of development without the civil servants. Though one may be asking what benefit the civil servants are to the nation, states or local governments. This paper is of the opinion that civil servants are not mainly set up for monetary gains, rather their services are so crucial that we cannot do without them. But one other thing that must be said is that Nigerian workers have been discovered to lack motivation and this has made the civil service to lose its taste and vigour. The civil service have been considered by many as a place for the never do well kind of people, or sometimes a place for women to work. This is purely because the motivation and drive is no longer there. The government should ask themselves where actually they have gotten it all wrong. What must be mentioned remains that if things continue the way it is, a time will come when people turn down the offer of working in the civil service and governmental agencies no matter how much  they are promised to do it. This foreseen embarrassing situation  for the purpose or reason for this study. Instruments of data collection as oral interview, journal, periodicals and text books were used to gather data for analysis. The Expectancy  theory  and Goal theory were adopted as theoretical foundation, thereafter, conclusion  was drawn.

KEYWORDS: Dimension, Motivation, Nigeria, Century, Possible, Promotion, Development.

DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF PANDEMIC COUNSELLING AND DISINFECTION CHAMBER: A CASE STUDY FOR COVID-19 OUTBREAK.

H.A MAHDI, A. ABDULKADIR, YUNUSA, M. A, BOYA S. N., SHEHU ABDULLAHI

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology Department, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi.

ABSTRACT

The inadequacy of trained personnel and testing facilities presents challenge in the management of Coronavirus outbreak or any pandemic, especially in institutions of learning and remote areas. Counselling and laboratory testing in order to identify individuals who are asymptomatic has played an important role in the management of the outbreak but have the potential to serve as a source of the viral transmission. This research presents a detailed design procedure of a smart disinfection tunnel that provide counseling and disinfection of surfaces. The system consists of an ultrasonic sensor to detect the presents of an individual within the vicinity of 30 cm, a microcontroller that was programmed to carry out counseling of the individual regarding his covid-9 status and a sanitizer spraying system that disinfect the individual. The system is powered by a solar cell during the daytime, but switched to a solar power-bank power mode during nighttime. The experimental results validate the effective performance of the mechanism of the presented system, it was able to disinfect a person in a time span of just 5 seconds and was considered to be very helpful in tackling the covid-19 pandemic during the unlock period when all the businesses and shops are open for the general public. This system will serve as a preventive measure as well as a practical module when implemented where students will see how to use technology in solving societal problems.

KEYWORDS; Coronavirus, Counselling, testing, sanitizer

THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSBILITY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN NORTH EAST NIGERIA

                                               JAAFAR ALIYU LIMAN

Department of Business Administration and Management, School of Management Sciences,  Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi state, Nigeria

Abstract

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved from a theoretical concept to a complex managerial tool used to build a company’s reputation and enhance its competitive advantage hence currently an integral part of business strategy to enhance firm performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of corporate social responsibility on organizational performance in north east Nigeria. Manufacturing is a key driver of global trade and highly espoused in north east Nigeria development plan. The specific objectives and hypotheses sought to examine and test the effect of firms’ sensitivity to multiple stakeholders comprising employees, customers, community and government on financial and non-financial firm performance. The study was anchored on stakeholder, resource based and social contract theories. Descriptive survey research design was use to explain existing CSR phenomenon in relation to firm performance.. Primary data was obtained by use of a self-administered questionnaire and secondary data obtained from organizations’ annual reports, journals, books, researches, theses, dissertations, articles and company websites by use of a similar questionnaire as used in primary data, after the response, to validate the primary data. Regression analysis was used to test the relationship between CSR and firm performance by use of SPSS, where data was presented in descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study revealed that customer, community and government relations have positive and significant effect on performance of manufacturing firm in north east Nigeria.

KEYWORDS:, corporate social responsibility, employee relation, manufacturing companies

TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION AT SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL OF EDUCATION: AN EXPLORATION OF ITS IMPORTANCE AND PROBLEMS IN CLASSROOM DELIVERY

AUTA, IBRAHIM KANYA; IBRAHIM, MUSTAPHA AFOLABI; & KAJINYANA, JOSEPH AYEACE

Department of English, Kebbi State Polytechnic, Dakingari

ABSTRACT

This paper takes a cursory look at the concept of reading comprehension – one of the basic components in English language as enshrined in the curriculum of senior secondary school level of Education in Nigeria. It identifies the advantages and roles played by reading comprehension in enhancing academic performance in virtually all school subjects among senior secondary school students in Nigeria. It explores some of the strategies to teaching reading comprehension and highlights practical problems associated with delivery of lessons in the teaching and learning of reading comprehension in typical classrooms of senior secondary schools in Nigeria. These problems include: lack of proper implementation of curriculum; unsuitable choice of language teaching strategies; inadequate instructional resources; and so on. The paper contends that to provide possible solutions to the identified problems, qualified English language teachers must be employed to handle reading comprehension; and the use of modern technology in lesson delivery by teachers should be encouraged. The educational implication which aims at stimulating students’ academic performance in all school subjects may be ineffective if the issues are not handled wisely. The paper concludes that senior secondary school students must acquire the reading comprehension abilities, as it forms the basis for all learning activities. Finally, the paper suggests that teachers of English language should be exposed to more training so as to acquire knowledge of different language strategies. This could go a long way in ameliorating the problems in teaching reading comprehension at senior secondary school in Nigeria.

Keyword: English Language, Reading Comprehension, Classroom delivery, Comprehension Strategies, Language Teaching,

 “TYPE-LESS RECHARGE CARD” AN ANDROID APPLICATION TO RETRIEVE RECHARGE CARD PIN USING OCR TECHNOLOGY.

SUBERU YUSUF¹ SALISU ABDULLAHI² ISHAQ MUHAMMED³ FATIMA AHMED ABUBAKAR⁴ ZAKKA BENISEMENI Z.E⁵ ATIKA AHMAD JIBRIN⁶

Abstract

Type-less Recharge Card is an Android application that detect pin number portion from mobile recharge cards by image processing technique. It works with the Mechanism of OCR (Optical character recognition) for recharge processes. After the detection, it extracts the OCR edit text that is given within their charge card as number and it sends request to the individual mobile operators for the desired recharge. So our main idea is to build an android based application which can be a worthy for a real life experience. This application will not replace the typing of pin numbers but create another option to phone recharging with a few seconds snapshot.

Keyword : Type-less Recharge Card, Android application, Mobile recharge cards, Image processing technique, Optical character recognition, Typing of pin numbers, Phone recharging.

RESPONSE OF SESAME CROP (SESAMUM INDICUM L.) TO INTEGRATED NUTRIENT USE IN ANYIGBA, KOGI STATE NIGERIA.

YUSUF M.^1*, AKOWE, I. I ², BEIDA, A. S², IYAJI, J.², ABDULHAKEEM, S.², ALAO, A. O.³.

^1,2 Department of Agricultural Technology, Kogi State Polytechnic, PMB 1101 Lokoja, Kogi State Nigeria.³Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, PMB 4000 Ogbomoso, Oyo State Nigeria.

Abstract

This field experiment was conducted during the 2021 cropping season at the Prince Abubakar Audu University Research and Demonstration farm, Anyigba. The study investigated the comparative effect of Cow dung, Poultry manure and NPK fertilizer on the seed emergence, growth and yield of sesame. The research consisted of three main factors (Cow dung, Poultry manure and NPK fertilizer), fifteen (15) treatments in total with each factor consisting of five levels of application (0, 150, 300, 450, 600 kg/ha) respectively. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three (3) replications. Parameters measured include: Days to seedling emergence, plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, stem girth, number of capsules, fresh weight of capsules, dry weight of capsules and seed weight/plot. Growth and yield characters measured were significantly influenced by 300 kg/ha NPK fertilizer and 600 kg/ha of cow dung and 600 kg/ha poultry manure respectively. however, cow dung had no significant influence on number of capsule/plant. Highest seed yield was obtained at 600 kg/ha poultry manure and thus recommended. Alternatively, integrated use of 300kg/ha NPK + 600kg/ha PM will suffice for best performance given their complementary use.

Keywords: Cow dung, Integrated Nutrient Use, NPK fertilizer, Poultry manure, Sesame.

RECYCLE OF WASTE WATER SACHET TO PRODUCE PLASTIC INTERLOCKING IN MAIDUGURI, BORNO STATE OF NIGERIA.

AHMED TIJANI GUBIO¹, HASSAN SANI BIU¹, GAMBO ZUBAIRU¹, AND ZARA KYARI KOLO¹

Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri. Borno State.

ABSTRCT

This paper reports the relevance, impact and sustainability of an impermeable interlocking pavement system using recycled plastics and production of simple sand polymer. The benefit of such pavement system were identified in areas of storm water management and meeting a number of environmental needs as well as increased structural performance, productivity and sustainability. A mix ratio of 1:1.3 with 56.7% polythene and 43.3% sand by weight was found to attain an average compressive strength of 17.03 N/mm² and water absorption requirements for the impermeable interlocking pavement system. The ease of preparation, mix homogeneity and low density of polythene enhance the technical properties of conventional pavement blocks. The low density polythene (LDPE) of size 1-5mm made it ideal for use in the sand bedding course. A simple production method was used to fabricate pavement blocks incorporating recycled plastics for application in green building.

Keywords: Interlocking pavement, recycled plastics, polythene, compressive strength, mix ratio.

CRYPTOCURRENCY MINERS: AN EMOTIONAL FINANCE VIEW OF WORTHLESS CURRENCY IN A DIGITAL ERA

*OBIAH MMADUBUIKE EMMANUEL; *ADIOHA, N.F.; & **MBAERI, C.C.

*Department of Accountancy, Imo state Polytechnic, Omuma (Mbano Campus), Imo State, Nigeria **Department of Banking and Finance, Imo state Polytechnic, Omuma (Mbano Campus), Imo State, Nigeria

Abstract

The study reviewed the emotional finance view of worthless currency by cryptocurrency miners in this digital age. It adopted descriptive survey research design as a qualitative paper. Therefore, relevant data were collected and analyzed from secondary sources such as academic journals, conference book of proceedings, etc. The paper revealed that the emotions of the miners were propelled by profitability from mining the cryptocurrency and cautioned them that the currency no matter how profitable it is today, is still a worthless currency. It equally identified volatility, unpredictability, unacceptability, lack of recognition, among others as what renders cryptocurrency worthless. The paper recommended that regulatory and supervisory agencies operating in the financial industry like Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Security and Exchange Commission (SEC), and other relevant agencies should hesitate campaigning against the mining of these cryptocurrencies as there is numerous numbers of them with different names to secure the vulnerable citizens.

Keywords: Cryptocurrency, Miners, Mining, Digital Era

EVALUATION OF USERS’ SATISFACTION WITH HOSTEL MANAGEMENT FACILITIES AND SERVICES IN TERTIARY INSTITUTION IN MINNA

EYINLA OPEYEMI LUCKY¹; SULE ABBASS IYANDA²

Department of Estate Management and Valuation, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi Edo State¹ Department of Estate Management and Valuation, Federal University of Technology Minna²

ABSTRACT

The study evaluated the users’ satisfaction in tertiary institution in Minna. The employed census sampling to administer 785 based numbers of hostel rooms across the selected tertiary institutions and total number of 560 questionnaires were returned. The study employed both descriptive analysis of mean and relative important index to establish the level of satisfaction among the users. The study firstly carried out cronbach alpha test to reliability of the responses from the respondents, the result revealed that there is high level of internal consistency among the responses. The hostel facilities were sub-divided into physical features, social amenities and management services, the result of relative important index revealed that 0.672(67.2%), 0.573(57.3%) and 0.621(62.1%) for  physical fixtures, social amenities and management services respectively. This result revealed that users of the hostels were fairly satisfied with functional performance of hostel facilities and the study therefore recommends that there should be regular maintenance of hostel facilities as to improve the users’ satisfaction in the tertiary institutions. 

Keywords: users’ satisfaction, tertiary institution, hostel, facilities, physical fixtures, social amenities and management services etc.

SURVEY OF ADEQUACY OF FACILITIES FOR TRAINING OFFICE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT STUDENTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

CEPHAS N. LEKA,

Department of Office Technology and Management, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi.

Abstract

This study was conducted to survey the adequacy of facilities for training Office Technology and Management students for sustainable development. Relevant literatures were reviewed. The study adopted a survey design, it was guided by four research questions. The National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) facilities required for training was used as checklist for the collection of data in the department laboratories, Model Office and Typewriting Studios. The area of the study of the Department of Office Technology and Management, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi. The data collected by were analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple percentage. The findings among others revealed that most of the facilities in the department are adequate and that adequacy of facilities improves students’ performance which make them competent in the Office, good knowledge of Information and Communication Technology facilities and skills enable students to be productive. It was concluded that adequacy of facilities in the department (OTM) will make the department produce graduates who are employable and finally it was recommended among others that modern office facilities required to train OTM students should be adequately provided to enable students to acquire appropriate skills to fit into the modern office.

Keywords: Adequacy, Facilities, Training, Office Technology and Management, Sustainable Development.

SMART TECTURE TOWARDS ACHIEVING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN BUILDING.

MABADEJE JOSHUA A.; ABUBAKAR ALIYU MUNKAILA; JAMILU MUSA MALEKA; & BANJI, S. A.

Department of Architectural Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

The Paris Agreement, a climate change treaty signed by 196 countries in 2015, has developed policies and frameworks to guide all signatories towards environmental sustainability which has been a global focus. The landmark agreement is an ambitious socioeconomic transformation initiative by member nations to lower GHG emissions by 30% before 2030. The treaty received a significant boost in January 2021, after the United States rejoined following the election of President Joe Biden. As the world seeks to achieve environmental sustainability by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, there have been relentless efforts by governments to embrace green building technology. Also, it is worth noting that the adoption of smart building technologies can be a major step towards energy saving and overall reduction of GHG emissions in line with the recommendations of the Paris Agreement. Adoption of smart tecture design will yield highly efficient, comfortable, safe, and sustainable buildings that consume less energy and self reliance building for the present and the future.

Keywords: Building, Environmental, Smart Tecture, and Sustainability

SURVIVAL ANALYSIS ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS

ABDULKADIR KHADIJA & NENLAT RAPHEAL RINYEN

Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi

ABSTRACT

Malnutrition in children is an important public health issue especially for developing countries like Nigeria. Weight-for-height (wasting), height-for-age (stunting) and weight-for-age (underweight) are three important parameters for assessing nutritional status in children. Malnutrition is estimated to contribute directly or indirectly to more than 33% of all child deaths globally. The aim of the study is to  identify the prevalence of malnutrition in under five children, To develop a model that predict the prevalence of malnutrition in children of under five years, and To test the suitability of the model. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from mothers and their children at Miri primary health care Centre at Bauchi. The software packaged that has been used to process data is SPSS version 21. the test of independence between the dependent variable (nutrition) and independent variable (age, sex, occupation of the father, occupation of mother, education status of the father, education status of the mother, age of the mother, types of breast feeding, immunization status, size of the households and birth order) was performed to verify whether they are statistically significant or not at 5% level of significance to the nutrition status of under-five children. A modified cox proportional hazard model containing all the predictor variable was fitted it was found that 52(28.4%) are stunted, 65(35.5%) are wasted and 66(36.1%) are underweight The study shows that various socio-demographic and health service covariates are significant determinants of malnutrition. Accordingly, the finding of the study show that age, sex, source of drinking water, mothers age, education status of the parent, occupation of the parent, age of the mother, immunization status, breast feeding practice, family size and birth order of the child have statistically significant effect on the outcome of the nutritional status of children under-five years of age. Finally, it has been recommended that   access to education for both parent should be given due emphasis, and Children from mothers age range from 15-25 years are at the higher risk of malnutrition. Thus, educating women about the adverse effect of early marriage is of paramount importance.

Keyword: Malnutrition, Wasting, Stunting, Underweight and Children

HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT Of BALANITE EAGYPTIACA STEM BACK ON ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

MOHAMMED ZANNA MALILIMA & BABA KURA KASHIM

School Sciences, Department of Biology, UICEST Bama,Borno State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

The stem back of balanite aegyptiaca (family: Balanitacrae) is prescribed traditionally as remedy for diabetes mellitus, which is a major health problem in the world, ranked seventh among the leading caused of death. This study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of methanolic exact balanite aegyptiaca in normoglycaemic rats, glucose induced hyperglycemic rats and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The methanolic extract at 200mg/kg body weight significantly (p< 0.05) lowered the fasting blood glucose levels of the normoglycaemic, glucose induced and allaxan induced diabetic rats by 81%,58%and 61% respectively. This finding suggest that methanolic extract of the stem back of the plant posses hypoglycemic activity and therefore support the traditional use of the plant for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

INFLUENCE OF PALM OIL FIBRE ASH ON THE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT IN THE ROAD CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN BAUCHI STATE NIGERIA

USMAN, M. M.,OLAMOJU R. O. AND SHUAIBU, A.

Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Palm oil industry plays an essential role in Malaysia’s economy recently. However, is also drive towards accommodating of waste such as empty fruit bunch, mesocarp fibre, Palm oil mill waste product and palm oil fibre ash. POFA is known as a material that demonstrate great potential to be utilized as filler in asphalt mixture.This study is geared towards examining the influence of palm oil fiber ash on the properties of Asphalt in the road construction industry in Bauchi State. Many researchers mainly used POFA in concrete material, and limited in pavement material. Therefore in this study, the potential of POFA in asphalt properties was evaluated as a choice initiative to encourage waste recycling in road construction industry. The conventional pen bitumen 70/60 that was used as the virgin asphalt binder in this study was obtained from Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi laboratory. Materials used were Coarse aggregate, Fine  aggregates, Bitumen (binder) and so on. POFA was integrated as filler material passing 75mm into a mixture design ACW20 with varying amounts of 0% 2.5% 5% 7.5% and 10% by weight of total aggregate) and bitumen content 6.1% the specific gravity properties of each amount of POFA were assessed was used during marshall volumetric properties. These materials were then analyzed using the Marshall Stability test. The laboratory results showed that the asphalt mixture was improved with a certain amount of POFA and indicated that POFA has good potentiality as alternative filler material in the asphalt mixed.

Keywords: Palm oil fiber ash, Asphalt, Waste, Filler, Road

ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS NEEDED BY OFFICE TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT PROSPECTIVE GRADUATES TOWARDS ATTAINING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN 21^ST CENTURY

CEPHAS N. LEKA,

Department of Office Technology and Management, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi.

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the entrepreneurial skills required by Office Technology and Management prospective graduates towards Attaining Sustainable Development in 21^st Century. Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi was the area of the study. The study examined the management skills, Human relation skills, Technical skills, and Communication skills needed by office technology and management prospective graduates for successful operation of a business enterprise.  The research had 4 objectives and 4 research questions. The study employed a survey research design. The population was made up of  50 Higher National Diploma II.  Because of the size that was manageable, Total Population sampling (TPS) was used. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire of 23 items; 4 point rating scale was used answer the research questions. The researchers administered the questionnaire to the respondents directly and collected the same back.  Data collected were analyzed using mean. The finding revealed among others that, entrepreneurship skills serve as basis for self-employment among the prospective graduates, thus reducing the problem of waiting for white collar jobs. It was recommended among others that prospective graduates of Office Technology and Management should strive toward entrepreneurial skills acquisition.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial Skills, Office Technology and Management, Sustainable Development

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SOLAR-POWERED WEED CUTTING MACHINE USING ARDUINO BOARD

^1*GAMAWA MANSUR ALIYU, ²Y.I. ALJASAWI,  ³SADIQ UMAR , ⁴D. M. NAZIF, ⁵HAMZA YUNUSA.

^1*Department of Computer Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi. ^2-5Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi

Abstract

Smart solar-powered weed-cutting machines are employed to save the time and energy expended by humans to remove weeds on the field or farms. This work focuses on designing and constructing a smart grass-cutting machine that will be able to detect and cut grasses as desired by the user, as the machine considers these grasses as obstacles. The movement or the route of the smart solar-powered weed-cutting machine is based on a route planning technique. Sensors are used to provide feedback to a smart solar-powered weed-cutting machine by detecting the obstacles on the route of the machine. Arduino UNO microcontroller is utilized as the microcontroller to enable the control of the machinist metropolis. Other essential compositions of the system include solar panels, batteries, DC motors, ultrasonic sensors, and blades. The DC motor is incorporated to provide the required torque that drives the blade to cut the grasses. 

Keywords: Ultrasonic sensor, Arduino, DC motor, Grass cutting.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AUTOMATIC DUAL-AXIS SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

4. M. NAZIF *¹, AHMAD M. Y. JUMBA², MUHAMMAD YAHAYA YARDA³, ALIYU MUHAMMAD BELLO⁴.

*^1,2Dept. of Electrical/Electronic Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Nigeria; ³Dept. of Electrical/Electronic Engineering Technology, Gombe State Polytechnic Bajoga, Gombe State, Nigeria; ⁴Dept. of Electrical/Electronic Engineering Technology Kaltungo, Gombe State, Nigeria.

Abstract:

As a result of the instability of power in the country and the rising demand for it, this work aims at designing and implementing an Automatic Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System, which will be able to enhance the performance of the solar panel in a solar energy system, by tracking the solar radiation maximally along with the movement of the sun. The system operates principally to keep the solar panels constantly aligned with the sunbeams, which maximizes the exposure of solar panels to the Sun’s radiation which amounts to more power generation from solar panels. The work is composed of two main design divisions; hardware and software. The hardware design is comprised of mechanical parts and electrical/electronic components, while the software is concerned with programming the microcontroller unit of the Solar Tracker. ATmega328P microcontroller was the main controller used to control the motion of the motors, which are responsible for the rotation of the solar panel. The system utilized the light-dependent resistor (LDR) as the sensor and the rotation of the panels was determined by the microcontroller base on the outputs of the LDRs. The system has an additional advantage of having a wiper to clean the surface of the solar panel at intervals of time. Results obtained showed that the dual-axis solar tracking system has a better performance as compared to the fixed and single-axis solar trackers.

Keywords: Dual-axis Solar Tracking, Photovoltaic, LDR, Arduino, Servo Motor.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF 300W POWER AMPLIFIER SYSTEM

HAMZA YUNUSA^*1, GAMAWA MANSUR ALIYU², KABIRU SANI³‚ SADIQ UMAR⁴‚

^*1-4Dept. of Electrical/Electronic Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi.

Abstract

This research work is a design and development of a 300W power amplifier system. Power amplifiers are basically used as public address system with the main aim of aiding the speaker in speech delivery.  The system is designed to drive an 8-ohm speaker and comprised of the differential amplifier stage, driver stage and output stage. The system was designed, developed and tested and the results show that the amplifier maintains low distortion and noise. More improved electronic components are to be incorporated to improve the performance of the system.

Key word: Power Amplifier, Transistor Gain, Distortion, Noise.

EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF ACTIVATED CARBON (from charcoal and coconut shell) IN THE REMOVAL OF LEAD FROM GROUNDWATER

M.M RAJIU. M.I MUSA, F.S BAKO, A.S ZAKARI

Federal Polytechnic Bauchi

Abstract

Groundwater is the foremost source of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes in several countries. In Nigeria it was observed that an estimated 60 percent of the population get drinking water from ground resources. Groundwater is subjected to pollution through rapid urbanization, mining, agriculture and industrial activities.The outbreak of acute Lead (Pb) poisoning among the rural dwellers of Zamfara State in north-west Nigeria, happened to be the worst heavy metals poisoning incident in recent time which resulted in the death of over 500 children within seven months. This study specifically evaluates the performance of activated carbon for lead remediation using slow sand filtration process. This design was based on preparing activated carbon from charcoal and coconut shell as an adsorbent medium for heavy metals such as lead through a slow sand filtration (SSF) process. The charcoal and coconut shell obtained were activated and prepared through a traditional steam activation process. The effect of temperature was studied by varying the sample temperature to 25, 30, 40 and 50^oC. The result shows that adsorption increase with the increase in temperature. Likewise, the PH of the solution was varied to 9.0, 8.9, 5.0 and 3.0. By dissolving, sodium bicarbonate NaHCO₃ and Ammonium Chloride NHCl^– basic salts, respectively, into the solution. The adsorption rate increase with increase in temperature. A PH of 5.0 was evaluated to be the best for the adsorption process. Physical, chemical and biological parameters of the samples were analyzed and the results show that a combination of locally produced activated charcoal and coconut shell was able to remove up to 75% of lead contaminants.

ETHNO – RELIGIOUS POLITICS: A CHALLENGE TO NATION BUILDING IN NIGERIA

¹AHMED MUSA; ²ABDULLAHI BASHIR; & ¹IBRAHIM IDRIS PINDIGA

¹Department of Social Sciences, College of Education Billiri Gombe. ²Department of  Political Science, Gombe State University Gombe.

Abstracts:

Ethnic and religious affiliation had played vital role in Nigerian politics in it pre and post independence experience. The duo were the tools used by political elites in mobilizing members of their ethnic identity as well as religion. At independence, the first set of Nigerian leaders were also accused of this act which in fact many commentators believed is one of the reasons that led to the first military coup of 15 January, 1966. However, ethno – religious politics is more pronounced under the Nigerian fourth republic threatening the common existence of Nigeria as a nation and a stumbling block for Nation building. As the country approaches the 2023 general elections, the issue of Muslim-Muslim ticket is generating a serious debates among different sections of the Nigerian Society. This study intends to examine the ethno-religious politics in Nigeria by exploring the various aspects it affected and still affecting the process of development in the country. The study is qualitative thus, journal articles, government publications, books as well as internet were used. The study is anchored on Marxist theory. It is discovered that ethno religion politics has become part of Nigerian politics and a barrier to nation building. Therefore, the study recommended among others thatgovernment at all level should collaborate with religion leaders and traditional Leaders to teach and enlighten followers on the importance of objectivity in choosing leadership; as good leadership lead to nation building, INEC as an independent body should prohibit politicians and political parties on using religion and ethnicism in seeking elective office and who ever found guilty should be penalized and banned from the race.

Keywords: Ethno-religious, Politics, Nation Building.

IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION DELIVERY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ POTENTIALS IN GOMBE STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION BILLIRI: IMPLICATION FOR EFFECTIVE PRACTICE

ADAMU AHMED BELLO

Department Of Primary Education, School Of Ecce/Ped, College Of Education Billiri, Gombe State.

Abstract

The objectives of every higher institution of learning in Nigeria are to equip a student with necessary intellectual values and virtues, as well as to cultivate skills and mental competence for the recsoucitation of their potentials, good performance, self-reliance and academic independence. That is why this study was carried out to explore avenues for improving quality of higher education delivery for the development of students’ potentials in Gombe State College of Education Billiri. The study adopted descriptive research design. A total of 100 respondents from four existing schools of COE Billiri using stratified sampling as well as purposive sampling techniques made up the population of this study. Three research questions were answered while self-structured questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. The retrieved questionnaires were screened and coded in frequency count and simple percentages for data analyses. The findings of this study reveal that while government through the management of COE Billiri are doing their bests in ensuring a qualitative education delivery in the college, but many aspects still need to be touched such as students’ halls of residence, a friendly student-teacher relationship, lecture theatres and many more. However, the following recommendations among others, were made: our teachers should find out the objectives of higher education and to identify the requirements, focus and meaning of each objective for easy operationalization in their teaching task.

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES AFFECTING THE PRACTICE OF BREAST SELF EXAMINATION AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS OF TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN GOMBE STATE

ADAMU AHMED BELLO

Department of Primary Education, School of ECCE/PED, College of Education Billiri, Gombe State.

Abstract

This study investigated the demographic variables of age, marital status, and culture affecting the practice of breast self- Examination (BSE) among female students of tertiary institutions in Gombe state as well as the influence of knowledge.  A descriptive survey design was adopted for this study while a systematic simple random sampling technique was employed to select 450 female students from tertiary institutions in the state. A pilot study using split –half procedure was conducted and reliability index of 0.78 was used as instrument. Chi-square, t-test, and ANOVA were used to test hypotheses 1, 2, and 3 respectively at 0.005 alpha level. The findings for this study revealed that the percentage (62%) of female students in tertiary institutions in Gombe state practice BSE was significantly high. There was no significant relationship between practice of BSE and age, marital status and culture. On the other hand, there was a significant relationship between practice of BSE and knowledge of BSE among female students in tertiary institutions in Gombe state. However, it was recommended among others that authorities especially in education and health should continue in their effort to curb the menace of breast cancer spread and BSE should be included in the school curriculum and introduce early to female students so as to catch them young in order to imbibe the culture of routing practice.

THE IMPACT OF E-MARKETING TACTICS ON PERFORMANCE OF SMALL BUSINESS ENTERPRISES IN BAUCHI METROPOLIS, BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA

MOHAMMED LAWAL INUWA

Department of Marketing, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to examine the impact of marketing tactics on performance of Small Business Enterprises in Bauchi Metropolis. Nigeria. A Descriptive survey research design was employed for the study. The population of the study comprised 526 registered Small-scale enterprises in Bauchi metropolis and the entire population was used for the study. Primary Data required for the study was collected by the researcher with the aid of two assistants while a 4-point scale structured questionnaire was deployed toto the field. A Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.79 was obtained. The data was analyzed using Mean and Standard Deviations for the research questions while inferential statistics of Linear Regression which was employed to test hypotheses at the significant level of 0.05. The study found that content, marketing mix, endorsement, sponsored posting, referral and competitive marketing strategies has significant influence on the performance of Small-scale business in Bauchi metropolis. Consequently, it was concluded that marketing tactics have a positive impact on performance of Small Business Enterprises in Bauchi metropolis. Chief among the recommendations was that; proprietors of Small-scale business should deploy time tested E -Marketing tactics to enhance their Business performance.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTION TO ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS.

USMAN ADAMU IBRAHIM

Department of Banking And Finance, School of Business Studies, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT

This study aims at analyzing evaluating and financial institutions and their contribution to economic growth and development in Nigeria economy. The two variables were selected by the researcher to explain the contribution of financial institutions in development of the economy. The analytical tools used were the simple linear regression which involves the use of ordinary least square (OLS). The used Data for the research cover the period from 2010-2019. From the result of the regression, we found out that there is a significant relationship between the contribution of financial institutions (loans) to private sector and economic growth in Nigeria because about 75% variation in Gross Domestic Product (Y) was explained by the total banks loans to the private sector X while about 25% of the variation was unexplained due to some internal and external factors mention in the body of research work. The researcher further recommended that financial institutions in the country should increase their participation in area of investment and development lending. And to also engage in the sponsorship of capital intensive projects in order to bridge the 25% unexplained gap and also a consistent monitoring of borrowers to ensure compliance and reduce the risk of non-payment to the barest minimum.

Keywords: Contribution, Financial Institutions, Economic, Growth, Commercial Banks

POSSIBLE WAYS OF ENHANCING AND PROMOTING DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA THROUGH DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIALIZATION: AN APPRAISAL

*VEN EGESI JONATHAN. C; **KEKE KYRIAN; *AMECHI J.N.; *DR MRS IKEAZOTA NWAMAKA N.F (FMAN); *AGUGO U.A (MRS); *NJOKU DOMINIC .O.; & *OKORO LINUS C.

*Imo State Polytechnic, Omuma Oru- East **(AIFCE), Owerri

Abstract

Every nation in the world no matter where crave for development. No matter how one looks at it, irrespective of how developed any nation is, she looks forward to getting better. Mean while, development can in simple terms be taken for a shift or movement from subsistence and human labour and service provision to a level where machines and sophisticated equipment are used for production . Industrialization simply implies a state in an economy where machines do virtually all the economic activities in industries while men do little or nothing less than controlling the machines to perform various /specific tasks . Nigeria like any other country crave to develop better than she has in recent years , but what must be said is the what the necessary steps are to attain this height. It must be mentioned without any form of apology that the problem with the country is the political class. Politics or the political class are totally in control of all other spheres of the economy and when it is not getting things right, developmental efforts and processes will be slowed or hampered, the question remains, what must be done to remedy the situation. The above stated point form the gamut of this study. Various data collection techniques as oral interviews, textbooks, journals, newspapers, and the internet among others. The Great  Big Push theory    was used as theoretical framework for this study, thereafter, conclusion was drawn.

Keywords: Possible, Enhancing, Promotion, Development, Nigeria, Diversification, Industrialization.

TWITTER BAN IN NIGERIA: A BREACH OF INTERNATIONAL LAWS?

ABUBAKAR SADIQ HARUNA, Esq.

School of Legal Studies, A.D. Rufa’i College of Education, Legal and General Studies, Misau, Bauchi State

ABSTRACT

Section 39 (1) of the Nigerian Constitution provides that individual citizen of the country shall be entitled to the right to freedom of expression and free speech including the right to hold opinions and disseminate same through available means to the public. However, on June 4, 2021, the Federal Government of Nigeria issued a press release suspending Twitter operations in the Country. This happened after Twitter had removed President Buhari’s tweet, warning the separatist militia groups in Southern part of the Country. The Press Statement cited the persistent use of the platform for activities that are capable of undermining Nigeria’s corporate existence as the basis for the suspension. The deleted tweets referenced the 1967-1970 Nigerian Civil War and warning that “those misbehaving today in the language they will understand.” The announcement was unclear under which law the suspension was ordered; nonetheless, the Attorney General Minister of Justice threatened to prosecute offenders who contravened the directive.In the statement, the Nigerian government also ordered the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) to immediately start the process of licensing all Over-The-Top (OTT) and social media platforms in operating in the country. Accordingly, the NBC on June 6, directed all broadcasting stations to suspend the use of their Twitter handles in compliance with the executive ban. Similar instructions were issued by the National Communications Commission on June 5 to all licensed telecommunications operators in Nigeria. The press statement raised a number of concerns from a human rights standpoint. In particular, there were concerns of significant implications for the rights to freedom of expression and access to information, as well as the rights to association and assembly. This study therefore examined, from the International Law viewpoint, the likely breach of Nigeria’s obligations of the ban on the use of twitter. It was discovered that the ban is an unlawful restriction on freedom of expression and other freedoms exercised in the digital space. It was therefore concluded that the ban is tantamount to an unlawful restriction of freedom of expression, press and free speech as well as a total breach of the fundamental right of the individual citizens, which is against the international laws.

Keywords: Social Media, Twitter, Twitter Ban, Freedom of Expression, Freedom of Speech.

FUNCTIONAL AND TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING IN HIGHER INSTITUTION OF LEARNING IN NIGER STATE, NIGERIA

UDOH, C. E., AKANMU, W. P., OKWORI, R. O. & DAUDA, I

Department of Industrial and Technology Education, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Abstract

The study was designed to assess the functional and technical performance of building in higher institution of learning in Niger State, Nigeria. Two research questions were raised and answered as well as two null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. Cross-sectional type of survey research design was adopted to collect data for the study. The study was conducted in Niger State, Nigeria. The targeted population for the study was 67 facility managers in the six higher institutions in Niger State, Nigeria. Simple Random Sampling Technique (SRST) was used to select a sample of 59 facility managers. The instruments developed by the researcher were used for data collection they include: Questionnaire on Functional and Technical Performance of Buildings in Higher Institutions (QFTPBHI). The instrument was subjected to face and content validation by three experts. The reliability coefficient value of 0.85 and 0.86 were recorded respectively using Cronbach’s Alpha statistical technique. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings from the study among others revealed that: functional indicators performed fairly ( =3.14) and technical indicators had poor performance ( =2.45). The study also revealed that there is no significant difference (significant value ≥0.05) among the mean responses of respondents on building functional and technical performance. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that: The administrator of higher institutions of learning in Niger State should regularly ensure adequate improvement through approval of funds for the conduct of renovation services to achieve conformance of buildings in meeting functional and technical requirements.

Key words: Functional, Technical Performance & Buildings