THEME:
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs) AND SUB-SAHARA AFRICAN TRANSFORMATION AGENDA,
DATE:
NOVEMBER 26, 2015
VENUE:
N.A.S.U., KEFFI, 1000 CAPACITY AUDITORIUM, KEFFI, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA.
PROCEEDINGS
A REVIEW ON ACETAMINOPHEN TOXICITY, THE JOURNEY SO FAR
-HARUNA Y.
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero. P.M.B.1144, Aliero, Kebbi State.
Abstract
Acetaminophen being one of the commonest drugs taken over the counter may be doing more harm than good to its beneficiaries. It is actually used to relieve mild to moderate pain from headaches, muscle aches, menstrual periods, colds and sore throats, toothaches, backaches, and reactions to vaccinations, and to reduce fever. Acetaminophen may also be used to relieve the pain of osteoarthritis. However, studies have shown that, excessive use or overdose of the analgesic drug paracetamol (called acetaminophen in North America) leads to toxicities. Mainly causing liver injury, paracetamol toxicity is one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide. This study found that, in the United States and the United Kingdom it is the most common cause of acute liver failure. Thus, this paper review focuses on the hepatotoxicity, (damage to the liver) of paracetamol which results not from the drug itself, but from one of its metabolites; N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) (also known as N-acetyl iminoquinone). NAPQI depletes the liver’s natural antioxidant glutathione and directly damages cells in the liver, leading to liver failure. It has been reported that following a therapeutic dose, it is mostly converted to nontoxic metabolites via Phase II metabolism by conjugation with sulfate and glucuronide, with a small portion being oxidized via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Cytochromes P450 2E1 and 3A4 convert approximately 5% of paracetamol to a highly reactive intermediary metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI). which under normal conditions, is detoxified by conjugation with glutathione to form cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates, but in cases of paracetamol overdose (due to alcoholism and unconscious intake of drugs containing acetaminophen), the sulfate and glucuronide pathways become saturated, and more paracetamol is shunted to the cytochrome P450 system to produce the toxic intermediate NAPQI. As a result, hepatocellular supplies of glutathione become depleted, as the demand for glutathione is higher than its regeneration. NAPQI therefore remains in its toxic form in the liver and reacts with cellular membrane molecules, resulting in widespread hepatocyte damage and death, leading to acute hepatic necrosis. Based on these findings, the strategies for reducing harm done by acetaminophen overdoses is first by increasing awareness and also selling paracetamol pre-combined in tablets either with an emetic or an antidote e.g. Calcitriol, Paradote and L-5-oxo-pyrrolidine-2-paracetamol carboxylate etc.
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS OF HYDROMORPHIC SOILS ON SMALL HOLDER SUGARCANE FARMING IN NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
DR ADAMU BABA ABDULLAHI (Ph.D,)
Department Of Geography, FCT College of Education. Zuba, Abuja, Fct, Nigeria
Abstract
The study examines the analysis of the impact of hydromorphic soils on smallholder sugar cane farming in Niger State, Nigeria. The objective of the study are to investigate the number and socio demographic character of smallholder sugar cane farmers, investigate the nature of the soils in question, and its suitably for sugar cane production, assess the nature of farm inputs, investigate the varieties of cane planted and examine the outputs of sugar cane produced. Time frame for the study is 2006-2015. Data were generated from 300 respondents and were of four phases i.e reconnaissance visits and focus group discussions, field observations, measurements and interview schedules. Multi stage sampling techniques was employed in selecting the samples. Data generated were collated, corroborated and analysed with the aid of SPSS computer programme. The research finding reveal a positive correlated of R2 = .9, f = 23.3, MSR = 0.026 and D.W. = 86 at P<0.05. The positive correlation implies that sugar cane production in the study area is profitable. More efforts are needed to be put in place by the federal government of Nigeria to boost more of its production.
ANALYSIS OF USED PRIMARY DRY CELL BATTERY AND ITS IMPLICATION ON HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT
SAMUEL-OKEY, FATUMA COMFORT
Integrated Science Department, Federal College of Education, Zaria Kaduna State.
Abstract
Samples of five different brands of used dry cell batteries which include everpro, ace, bbc, Panasonic and tiger were collected and analysed for metals present and determining the solubility of the electrolyte as well as the pH. Samples were analysed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results indicated that the different brands analysed contained reasonable amount of metals with all of them containing manganese, iron and zinc. Everpro, BBC and Tiger brands contain strontium. Ace, Panasonic and Tiger brands contain chromium. Ace brand has in addition Nickel while Panasonic has lead amongst other metals. The solubility test shows that some amount of the metals dissolves which implies leaching of these metals in the environment.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DUMPSITES IN LOKOJA, KOGI STATE
MALIKI ADEKU JOSEPH
Department Of Geography, Federal University Of Education, Zaria
ABSTRACT
The research analyzed the spatial distribution and socio-economic implication of municipal solid waste dumpsites in Lokoja, Kogi State using Geographic Information System (GIS).The study used a set of 1:50,000 topographical map sheet (Lokoja, 247 N.W) and that was acquired from Ministry of Land and Survey Lokoja, Kogi State, coordinates of the various dumpsites were obtained using Global Positioning System (GPS) The total number of waste collection dumpsites identified within the study area were 93 of which 25 were legal and 68 were illegal. The analysis was carried out using GIS software ArcGIS 9.3 The findings show that, the dumps were situated on drainages, road networks, in and around school premises as well as adjacent to residential buildings. The implications of such distribution include obstruction of free flow of water and traffic; pollution of air, surface and ground water as well as breeding of pests and rodents which transmit diseases as well as destruction of the aesthetic value of the environment. The recommendations of the study include: the use of Remote Sensing and GIS for proper planning and monitoring of protected dumps which would be far from infrastructural facilities; education and sensitization of people and the establishment of sanitation monitoring team to inspect the environment regularly and prosecute offenders.
INVESTIGATION OF SOME PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HAND DUG-WELL WATER IN MUBI ADAMAWA STATE NIGERIA
M.U. ABBA1, I.J. TEKWA2 AND M.S. HUSSEINI2
- Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering Technology. Federal Polytechnic P.M.B. 35 Mubi. 2. Department of and Bio-Environmental Engineering Agricultural Technology. Federal polytechnic P.M.B. 35 Mubi.
ABSTRACT
The status of eighteen (18) hand dug well-water samples from six selected wards (Yelwa, Lokuwa, Sabon layi, Kolere, Digil, Wuro-patuji) in Mubi town was determined by evaluating the physicochemical properties of hand dug well-water samples. The investigation was carried out for a period of 12 calendar months. The parameters investigated include Turbidity, colour, odour, temperature, taste, suspended solids. Total dissolved solid (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, Na, Mg, Ca, Fuoride, Nitrate, Potassium, Sulphate, in the laboratory using standard procedure. A Filtering device developed, made from a jute sack and ply wood was used to filter physical impurities in the water. The results was compared with the available standard requirement for water use. The physical properties (Odour, colour, taste, TSS, TDS, turbidity and temperature) of the investigated hand dug-well water were found to be within the acceptable limit for safe drinking water quality specified by WHO (2010), NIS/SON/NAFDAC, (2007) and Australian Drinking Water Guideline (2011). The chemical properties (pH, F, Cl, Na, Ca, Mg, SO4, NO3, K and conductivity) were also found to be within the acceptable limits for safe drinking water quality earlier specified by WHO (2010), NIS/SON/NAFDAC, (2007) and Australian Drinking Water Guideline (2011). The Data were analysed using statistix 8.0 for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) among variables under observation. The sample means were appropriately separated using LSD at 5% level and S.E (±). In addition, selected parameters were further compared using line graphs.
EFFECTS OF POLITICS AND CORRUPTION ON SUSTAINABLE CIVIL ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
ENGR. GANA A.J
Civil Engineering Department, College of science and Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State.
Abstract:-
The effects of politics and corruption on sustainable Civil Engineering Infrastructural Development is a great disease that has not been cured since the beginning of democratic Era in Nigeria. Many Nigerians taught that with the coming of democracy, there will be over night drastic changes in all spheres of life, but that has turned out to be a white Lie for many years now. One of the simple reasons for this may be the Mis-understanding about the concept of democracy by many Nigerians. This paper critically examines the effects of politics and Corruption on Sustainable Civil Engineering Infrastructural development in Nigeria and the way forward.
ELECTRICAL SERVICE IN BUILDING—— REQUIREMENTS
*ARIYANNINUOLA, ANTHONY &**ARUOTURE, E.O
*Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria.**Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Delta State Polytechnic, Itefe-Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
This paper is a study on the various types of electrical installation practices in buildings in Nigeria. The requirements for each type of electrical installations are discussed. The basic requirements for a standard completed electrical installation are mentioned and discussed. The consequence of not carrying out electrical installation according to the standard is enumerated. Also, the benefits of carrying out electrical installations according to regulation were not left out. Important calculation before electrical drafting work is discussed. Reference regulations pertaining to electrical installation are mentioned. Lastly, a typical electrical draft work and bill of quantities are illustrated and discussed.
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: IMPACT OF SUSTAINABILITY DISCOURSES, CONFLICT AND INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ACTIONS ON THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
T. OLUWASEYI ODEYALE1 AND OLALEKAN KEHINDE2
1Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704 Akure, Ondo State 2Department of Architecture, Ogun State Institute of Science and Technology, Igbesa
Abstract
As part of the Millennium Cities initiative, organized by Earth Institute of Columbia University USA, Akure, Nigeria was selected as one of the cities in Sub-Saharan Africa to be assisted in achieving the millennium development goals (MDGs). Other cities selected in Sub-Saharan Africa include Kisumu, (Kenya); Blantyre, (Malawi); Kumasi, (Ghana); Bamako, (Mali); Segou, (Mali); Kaduna, (Nigeria) and Mekelle, (Ethiopia). It is necessary to point out that this initiative focuses more on inter-governmental actions than tackling the source of the developmental problem of the cities involved in the initiative. Using a mixed methodological approach, which included participant observation and structured interviews by means of convenience and snowball sampling methods administered in the study area. According to the aim of the project it is to promote investment from overseas (capitalist) companies, create employment and help in the domestic affairs of the cities involved. This paper examine the impact of the MDGs on the built environment and critique these ‘lofty ideas’ which has failed to address the local, regional and cultural specificity of the location; and which has not been productive in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper concludes that the desire for an integrated city cannot be achieved without a radical approach to depart from the status quo of neo-colonial ideas.
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GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES IN ZANGON KATAF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE.
KUBAI ZONKWA
Department of Geography, Federal University of Education, Zaria, Kaduna State
ABSTRACT
The concept of Gender has been generally described as socially constructed, culturally variable roles that women and men play in their daily lives. It also refers to expectations which society has of women and men based on sexes. However, there is a distinction between concepts of gender and sex. Gender identities and roles are constructed in society but are not fixed, not universal and do change over times. The study revealed that the men and women in the study area are poverty stricken with dependency on agriculture and natural resource for their livelihoods, climate change poses a risk for them. Gender differentiated impacts of climate variability were manifested in the unequal distribution of roles and responsibilities of men and women in the study area. Results reveal that through socially constructed roles and responsibilities, women seem to bear the most burdens resulting from climate variability impacts. Women were found to have extra workloads when faced with climatic stressors as they made efforts to cope with them. Working longer hours than men affected them not only physically but emotionally drained them as they constantly have to worry about the well-being of their household members, especially children and the youth who depend on them. Although the men’s work load is lighter than that of women they are also impacted by climate variability. Men’s impacts are more psychological than physical. Their psychological effects are further compounded by unemployment resulting in negative coping mechanisms. There is therefore no doubt that climate change is impacting differently on rural men and women. The results also show that gender roles are undergoing change due to climate related impacts which are further heightened by factors such as unemployment, and poverty which forces men and women to engage in different activities leading to new roles. The study strongly recommends that to effectively address issues of gender and climate change, focus must not only be on negative gender experiences but also assess and acknowledge progress that has been made in addressing gender issues and social changes that have taken place and lead to changes in gender relations.
DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN THE CULTIVATED SOIL USING ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY TECHNIQUE IN KWADON AREA,YAMALTU DEBA, GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA.
IBRAHIM ADAMU USMAN1 AND HANKOURAOU SEYDOU2
- Federal University Kashere, Physics Department, Gombe State, Nigeria 2. Gombe State University Physics Department, Gombe State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
Trace quantities of eight elements have been determined from cultivated soil of Kwadon area, Yemaltu Deba, Gombe State, Nigeria using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) Technique, the elements determined were Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, and Pb in the Soil. The degree of concentration of the trace elements of Kwadon Soil was ascertained and compared with the Mean World Soil, the mean values of the trace elements in ppm were as follows Cd(0.0017 ± 0.004), Co( 0.142 ± 0.099), Cr(15.712 ± 8.973), Cu( 6.000 ± 0.635) , Mg( 20.575 ± 6.344), Mn(0.353 ± 0.193), Ni(4.183 ± 1.448), and Pb(0.003 ± 0.009). Significant correlation was found for most of the elements determined while Co seemed to show negative correlation with all other elements. The cultivated soil of Kwadon area showed relatively low state of pollution for the elements determined and the soil could still be used for cultivation.
NIGERIAN CAPACITY BUILDING THROUGH SCIENCE , ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY TOWARDS NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
ENGR. GANA A.J
Civil Engineering Department, College of science and Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State.
Abstract
Many countries of the world are doing well and advancing daily in all human’s endeavor as a result of the focus on some major key aspect of life. Science, Engineering, and Technology are those major key factors behind the forth and industrial sector compels with huge investments, and detailed attendance of human, s skills and utilization, Nigeria as a country is not left behind, it has these potentials, but the challenge to act like Other countries is the wideness. This paper examines Nigerian capacity building through science, Engineering, and Technology towards National development,
THREAT TO SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTS: REAPPRAISAL OF CASES AND CAUSES OF BUILDING FAILURES IN NIGERIA
OLALEKAN KEHINDE1, DR T. OLUWASEYI ODEYALE2 AND KAYODE FAGBEMI2
1 Department of Architecture, Ogun State Institute of Science and Technology, Igbesa, Ogun State, Nigeria 2Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704 Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
It is a common sight recently in the developing countries especially in Nigeria to find buildings collapsing in cities and towns. Such buildings cut across several use and function (private, corporate, religious and public), exposing innocent lives to harm and unwarranted death. This paper considers the various reasons, causes and factors at the root of this menace affecting building and sustainable environment. Some of the causes were traced back to the planning and conceptual design stages before the actual construction of the building takes place. The paper argues that the problem of building collapse and disaster is not due to lack of knowledge of its causes but in ensuring that such probable factors were programmed not to happen. This will involve putting in place, appropriate precautions from the design stage to ensure the durability, sustainability and functionality of the building through careful construction process and good maintenance.
VARIATION IN THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE CULTIVARS IN YOLA
WACHE PAUL ZIRA AND JOHN GODWIN AYUBA
Adamawa State Polytechnic, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine the variation in the growth and yield of maize cultivars in the study area. To achieve this objectives an experimental farm was establish in teaching and research farm of department of crop production Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola. The research involved planting three different maize cultivars namely: cultivar 1 (local maize) cultivar 2 (Admiral Maize) and cultivar3 (premier maize) respectively. These maize cultivars were all planted at the same time on the farm on the onset of rainfall in the study area. The experiment was conducted for one growing season (2011). Data were collected on climatic factors, soil characteristics and data on crop agronomy. Climatic data were collected from the meteorological stations of the Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, soil data was collected from the farm, while data on crop agronomy were collected from continuous observation of crop growth and yield performance. Data collected were analyzed using simple averages and analysis of variance (ANOVA). From the result analyzed, maize cultivar 2 showed a better performance in terms of growth and yield followed by maize cultivar 1 the local cultivar while maize cultivar 3 showed low performance in terms of yield.