CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES (CJHSS) VOL. 19 (6)
SEPTEMBER, 2020 EDITION
Published by:
Cambridge Research and Publications International,
Africa (Nigeria): Centre for African Humanity and Development Circle
(CAHDC), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
Email: cambridgenigeriapublications@gmail.com
Copyright © 2020 Cambridge Research and Publications International.
Papers:
THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PREVENTIVE POLICIES ON HOUSEHOLDS IN FCT ABUJA NIGERIA.
*GODWIN AGABA OCHUBE; *FLORENCE NDALAZHI; & **LAWAL STEPHEN
*Department of Sociolog, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State. **Department of Sociology, Federal University Wukari, Taraba State.
ABSTRACT
This study examined the sociological impacts of COVID-19 on households in FCT Abuja, and discusses the policy response to mitigating the spread of the virus in Nigeria. The study utilizes, and builds on, empirical data generated through online survey administered on Facebook during the national lockdown policy. It concludes that the social distancing measures to curtail the spread of the virus came at a cost such as increased poverty, social inequalities, crime, isolation, socioeconomic crisis and has affected social relationship. A coordinated response by both the government and nongovernmental organization is needed to cushion the effects such as the provision of financial support to families and individuals. Secondly, the central bank of Nigeria should grant SMEs, entrepreneurs and corporations soft loans to help them preserve employment and their businesses, thirdly the federal government should ensure that families have access to water, electricity and other social services for free or at affordable level and should also monitor the rate of inflation in the prices of goods. Finally, government at federal, state and local government should ensure access to effective communication systems to enhance social interaction between families, friends and community members.
Keywords: COVID-19, sociological impact, poverty rate, households, preventive measures.
IMPACTS OF CAMPUS POLITICS ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITY OF JOS NIGERIA
DR.LILY OLUEBUBE EZEALA; DR DAUDA ADEYEMO ARIYA; & LUKMAN OLAYINKA SHITTU
Department of Social Science Education, University of Jos
ABSTRACT
Academic achievement of students in social studies has been a bothering issue to concern stakeholders in the society. This is because achievement in social studies over the years appears to be on a declining scale as evident via literature depicts same declining achievement. Efforts have been made to ensure achievement is improved accordingly by concerned stakeholders. Alot of reasons have been pinpointed to be the cause of poor and declining achievement in social studies which includes teaching method, teachers’ competence, teaching aids, motivation, emolument, classroom management, effective communication, and other extra curricula activities like campus, and sports among others. Campus politics is also a factor that may be affecting academic achievement of students in social studies. This paper investigated the impacts of campus politics on academic achievement of library and information science students in University of Jos, Nigeria. The study formulated three objectives and three corresponding research questions. A cross sectional survey research design was used for the study and a sample size of 150 students were selected using stratified random sampling from a population of 613 undergraduate library and information science students for academic session 2018/2019 in University of Jos. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection and it was subjected to content validity. The data was analyzed using simple mean and the study concluded that, campus politics have negative impacts on students’ achievement, it also affect their attendance, and concentration as well. The study recommended that, campus politics can be used favourably to improve students’ academic achievement.
Keywords: Campus Politics, Academic Achievement, Library Information Science, Undergraduate Students.
EPISTEMIC CORRUPTION AND INJUSTICE IN NIGERIAN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS: WOMEN AS VICTIMS
GODFREY ATUNU DIBIE (PhD)
Department of General Studies, Federal University, Wukari, Taraba, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Corruption permeates all facets of Nigeria and constitutes a means of perpetrating injustice. Generally, women suffer injustice more than men do. This study examines the rate of corruption and injustice in Nigerian tertiary institutions, focusing on women as victims. It reveals that the rate of corruption and injustice in Nigerian tertiary institutions is very high. Gender and sexual orientation, patriarchy, women relegation, beliefs, poverty, socio-cultural and economic factors are basically why women are more vulnerable to epistemic corruption and injustice. These ugly trends have grave effects on Nigeria and its peoples, tertiary institutions, education standard, ethics, development, economy, polity and entirety. Both government and individuals are blamed for the spate of corruption and injustice obtained in these institutions. In submission, epistemic corruption is the most devastating phase of corruption, while the practice of corruption and injustice in tertiary institutions shows moral decadence and the erosion of educational standard and ethics, and how these have been institutionalised. It calls on all and sundry for real attitudinal change, reorientation, mass sensitisation and strong legislations that spare no offender.
Keywords: Corruption, Injustice, Women, Victims, Nigerian tertiary institutions
MORALITY AND ETHICS IN CHRISTIANITY: THE BED-ROCK FOR NATIONAL INTEGRATION AND HARMONIOUS CO-EXISTENCE IN CONTEMPORARY NIGERIAN SOCIETIES
DAVID FRANCIS
Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences
Taraba State University, Jalingo.Taraba state, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This work focused on identifying morality and ethics in Christianity in Nigeria. Through phenomenological approach, it identified phenomena like the influence of cultural backgrounds, poverty, western education, westernization and urbanization as contributing immensely to moral and ethical decay among Christians in Nigeria. In this regards, Christians in Nigeria are advised to live moral lives worthy of their status as the light of the world despite these identified challenges. The astronomic rise in religious patronage, activities and consequent expansions of most religions in Nigeria recently, especially, Christianity, is unimaginably evident. However, irrespective of constant attendance and observance of religious events in the calendar, the moral standard of the society is increasingly on the decline. This is ironical; and has inadvertently affected the pace of development in Nigeria. This paper adopted the phenomenological approach and the services of secondary sources of data collection to unravel these trends. It discovered that religion is good in itself and is the only solution to moral decay. It recommended that Nigerians should practice the tenets of their various religions as this will help address the moral lapses in the society and make way for even development of the nation.
KeyWords: Christian morality, cultural background, moral decay, poverty, Pentecostalism, urbanization, national integration
INFLUENCE OF ETHNIC CONSCIOUSNESS AND MEDIA NARRATIVES ON POWER RELATIONS IN NIGERIA
PROF. AJILORE KOLADE AND ONIFADE; & OLUWAFEMI SUNDAY
Department of Mass Communication, Babcock University Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This paper interrogates the place of ethnic consciousness in the processes and outcomes of Nigerian politics. The study traces ethnic-motivated narratives and counter-narratives in Nigerian politics to the disagreements on independence among the leaders of the leading ethnic nationalities during the colonial days. Based on the foundations of McCombs and Shaw’s Agenda-setting theory, the study examines the place of the media in the promotion of ethnic politics in Nigeria through the manufacture and entrenchment of narratives that promote primitive ethnicity and protect the personal interests of the ethnic leaderships while suppressing the interest of the ethnic masses and the larger nation state. While dwelling on the complex socio-political realities existing in Nigeria, the paper also draws lessons from the experiences of other African countries like Egypt, Libya, Togo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Botswana. Based on the historical patterns of political and media development in Nigeria, the study concludes that ethnic consciousness in Nigerian politics is unlikely to decrease soon due to due to imbalances in the distribution of political and economic resources in the country. It therefore, recommends a return to true federalism because it could promote healthy competition among the constituent groups like it was during the Nigerian First Republic. It also calls for greater social responsibility from media owners and managers that they should be more positive and less sinister in their promotion of political positions, candidates and ideas.
Keywords: Ethnic Consciousness, Nigerian Politics, Media Narratives, Agenda-Setting and African politics.
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION: A REFLECTIVE APPROACH
*EZENWEGBU NCHEDOCHUKWU CHINWENDU; **SHEHU ADAMU ABDULLAHI; & **CHATTA ABDULLAHI ENESSI
*Department of Public Adminstration, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State **Department of Public Administration, Federal Polytechnic Bida, Niger State
ABSTRACTs
This paper aims at examining the Human Resource Development and Employee Motivation on Reflective Approach in the organizations. The paper intends to make emphasis on the promotion of human resources development and employee motivation to attain the objective of the organizational development. However, the researcher will adopt a descriptive method to actualize the objective of this paper. The paper would be concluded with ameliorate recommendations on the contributions and promotion of the human resources development and employee motivation.
Keywords: Human, Resource, Development, Employee & Motivation.
THE IMPACT OF N-POWER PROGRAMME ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC LIVELIHOODS OF BENEFICIARIES IN IBADAN NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OYO STATE, NIGERIA
*AYUB, AKEEM OLALEKAN & **GBAA, ASOMBO GEORGE
*Department of Sociology, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara **Department of Sociology, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria
ABSTRACT
Npower scheme is an antidote to curb the prevalent youth unemployment and restiveness which have negatively impacted on the lives of individuals and the country. The selection of beneficiaries for the scheme was in two phases, consisting of 200,000 and 300,000 citizens respectively, across the country between 2016 and 2017, based on interest, application and qualification. The study was conducted in Oyo State to assess the impact of Npower scheme on the beneficiaries. The theoretical framework reviewed and adopted for the study is Structural functionalism. A total number of 250 Npower beneficiaries were selected through simple random sampling technique. The quantitative data collected through questionnaire, from 249 respondents, were analysed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 25. It found out that the programme has had enormous impacts on the socio-economic livelihoods of the beneficiaries including easy access to basic and daily needs, catering for relatives, ability to enrol for further studies, etc. Findings revealed that delay in payments, lack of continuity, among others, were challenges associated with the programme. Therefore, the study recommendedcontinuity of the programme by successive governments, quick payments of monthly stipends, etc.
Keywords: Empowerment, Graduate, Impact, Npower, Oyo, Poverty Alleviation Programme, Youth,
LEADERSHIP CRISIS BETWEEN GOVERNOR GANDUJE AND FORMER EMIR OF KANO MUHAMMED SUNUSI LAMIDO II
JIBRIN UBALE YAHAYA, PhD
Department of Political Science, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN)
ABSTRACT
Power is a key to conflict between groups or individuals many scholars in social science and humanities like Prof. Asobia a renown political scientist from University of Nigeria Nsuka is of the view that power scramble can easily break through societal stability as groups or individual seek who seek for power domination and relevance in the public affairs. The former Emir Muhammadu Sanusi II of Kano has been dethroned by Governor Ganduje, the removal brings to many as a past memory of similar removal of his Grandfather, Alhaji Sir Muhammadu Sanusi I, by the Premier of Northern Region, Sir Ahmadu Bello. History has repeated itself on Monday, March 9, 2020 when Governor Abdullahi Ganduje dethroned the emir of Kano, Muhammadu Sanusi II. Fifty-seven years ago, precisely 1963, the late Grandfather of Emir Sanusi, Alhaji Sir Muhammadu Sanusi, was also dethroned by the Premier of Northern Region and Sardauna of Sokoto, Sir Ahmadu Bello, according to the history, the late Sanusi and the premier were reportedly best of friends before things went bad in their relationship. However, in 1963, the friendship had collapsed as Bello’s government probed, dethroned and eventually banished the late Sanusi to Azare in 1963 where he later died. Though unlike his grandfather, Emir Sanusi II might not be Governor Ganduje’s close friend, the duo certainly did not start off as enemies. However, the crisis erupted between the two started in 2019 when the emir was accused of working against Ganduje’s re-election in 2019. Governor Ganduje after winning the second term developed an action that was interpreted as a calculated move to undermine the influence of the Kano emir. Apart from creating new emirates, the Kano State Governor also initiated a probe of the Kano Emirate Council under the leadership of Emir Sanusi II after several probes and failed reconciliation attempts, Governor Ganduje announced the removal of Sanusi as the Emir of Kano. Sanusi’s dethronement came after the state’s council executive meeting presided over by Ganduje. Confirming the development, Alhaji Usman Alhaji, Kano’s Secretary to the State Government (SSG) said that the monarch’s sack takes effect from Monday, 9th March 2020. Usman said that the emir’s action violated the part 3 section A-E of Kano state emirate law, 2019 and that his removal was a decision reached after a lot of consultation with all relevant stakeholders. Calling on Kano people to calm over the development, information on that particular day has confirm that Alhaji Aminu Ado Bayero, former emir of Bichi to be throne as Emir of Kano while Alhaji Nasiru Ado, Wanban Kano District head of Nasarawa was throne as Emir of Bichi. The paper was of the view that to maintain the reputation of Kano State traditional cultural values and heritage there is need for political elected officer to use political power for the purpose of development for the peoples not for attaining political interest and the traditional leaders must not take side on any controversial political issues rather than guiding political elected officer to deliver on their mandate on serving the needs of their peoples.
Keywords: Kano Emirate, Political Crisis, Traditional Leadership and Political Participations.
THE USE OF POSTERS-ANIMATION INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGY AS DETERMINANT OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ SUMMARY WRITING PERFORMANCE IN ILORIN METROPOLIS
LAWAL; SAFI Ph.D; NABAYI; UMAR YAU; & ADAMU, UMAR ZAKAR
Department of languages, College of Administrative Studies and Social Sciences, Kaduna Polytechnics, Kaduna, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
English language has become an indispensable tool in every facet of human endeaviors and tool for social interaction world-wide. The teaching and learning of English language reading comprehension and summary are deeply entrenched in the national curriculum of senior secondary school level of education in Nigeria. Reading as one of the language skills, required intensive process in improving reader’s level of comprehension as determined by the reader’s pace of eye movement, interest, attention, and the rate at which his mind interacts with the text to enhance summary writing performance. This study examined the use of Animation-posters instructional strategy as determinant of SSS summary writing performance so as to enhance quality education in terms of productivity. Quasi-experimental design with pre and post-test, non-randomised and non-equivalent was adopted for data collection. The population for this study consisted of all SSS students in Ilorin metropolis, but two schools were purposively sampled. The sample was categorised into one experimental group and one control group of fifty respondents each. The data collected were analysed using the percentage, mean, standard deviation and analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA) to test the two formulated hypotheses at 0. 05 level of significance. Findings revealed that: the general performance of students in reading comprehension and summary writing was low before the treatments (42.79) but high after the treatments (77.76) irrespective of gender. Base on the findings, it was recommended that teachers’ of reading should be using Animation-posters instructional strategy to solve learners of reading comprehension and summary writing problems by setting their minds on the reading task and stimulate them.
Keywords: Posters-Animation, Instructional, Strategy, Determinant Writing Performance.
ETHICAL ISSUES AND NIGERIA’S QUEST FOR NATION BUILDING
*SOLARU OLADAPO EMMANUEL; & **OGUNGBADE AKEEM ADEKUNLE
*Department of General Studies**Social Science Department, Casss
Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna
ABSTRACT
Nation building revolves around building institutions which symbolize the political entity such as bureaucracy, an economy, arms of government, educational institutions, civil service and civil society organizations. Having a viable nation is subject to the existence of proper ethical practices. Such ethical practices would enhance the building of institutions and values that will sustain the collective development of the society. With the use of secondary data, the paper examines ethical issues and Nigeria’s quest for nation building. It observed the lack of proper ethical standard and behavior by the citizens and public officials which has been the bane of building a virile nation. The paper recommends that for the nation to achieve its goals and potentials, the Nigerian government should inculcate into the citizens the desirable attitudes and proper ethical standard as a way of life both in public and private sectors of the nation’s economy. These could be realized through the application of stringent sanctions on defaulters of proper ethical behavior, which would serve as deterrent to others.
Keywords: Ethics, Ethical issues, Nation building, Nigeria, Behaviour, Institutions.
NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY AND SECURITY CHALLENGES IN THE LAKE CHAD REGION: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS.
MUSTAPHA, AYODELE HARUNA; & MUSA, TOYIB OLANIYI
Department of social sciences, Rufus Giwa polytechnic, Owo, Ondo state.
ABSTRACT
Nigeria’s foreign policy in all its ramifications revolves around promotions and protection of the country’s national security interest. It embraces not only the self-preservation of self-defence, but the protection and promotion of ultimate values such as individuals and human welfare. The quest for these goals encapsules the thinking and activities of successive leaders in their struggle for relevance in the comity of nations. Insecurity continues to threaten civilians and livelihoods in the Lake Chad region where food insecurity and malnutrition continue to stand at critical levels and at alarming rate. Vulnerable people living in affected areas proceed to flee violence and insecure areas seeking refuge in host communities with scare resources under strain conditions, accommodation in Internally Displaced Persons (IDPS) camps in congested atmosphere, reported outbreak of contagious diseases and occasional suicide bombings. The Lake Chad region rich in farming, fisheries livestock production, ground water recharge and most importantly human settlement have been disrupted by Boko Haram insurgency, climate change and other related problems. A region that serves as strategic corridor for national meat supply to Nigeria where a disruption or recession of the lake’s water and its environment would have negative consequences on Nigeria foreign’s policy and security challenges. The paper x-rays problems associated with the region such as insurgency, illegal importation of small arms and light weapons, porous borders, importation of contraband goods due to cross border trade, perceptions of our francophone neighbours, human trafficking, the global challenges of migration, refugee issues and depletion of the Lake Chad. The paper posits to profer solution to the security challenges such as holistic approach, creates social and political environment infrastructures, jobs creation, security of the lake region. The paper makes use of secondary source to generate data while, it adopts human and environmental security theories to midwife the study.
Keywords: Diplomacy, Displacement, Foreign Policy, Insurgency, National Interest.
TEACHER MOTIVATIONAL STRATEGIES IMPACTING ON SCIENCE STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN DELTA STATE
1OKARA, JOHN O.; 2ONIANWA; SANDRA CHINWE & 3EZUGOH, THEODORAH CHINELO
Federal College of Education (Technical) Asaba P.M.B. 1044, Asaba, Delta State
ABSTRACT
This study investigated teacher motivational strategies impacting on science students’ academic achievements in secondary schools in Delta State. Four research questions guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The simple random sampling technique employing the balloting method without replacement was used to select a sample size of 383 science teachers (at 10%) from a total population of 3832 science teachers from 134 secondary schools within 8 LGAs in Delta State. A questionnaire titled: “Teacher Motivational Strategies Impacting Science Students’ Academic Achievements Questionnaire (TMSSISAAQ)”, which contained 54 items and designed on a 4-point scale was used to collect data for this study. This research instrument was validated by three experts from the Faculty of Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University. Reliability of the instrument was determined through a pilot-test, selecting 20 science teachers from four public secondary schools in Edo State. The scores obtained after conducting the pilot-test were collated and measured using the Cronbach alpha method whose reliability yielded an internal consistency value of 0.76, indicating that the instrument was reliable and dependable to collect the necessary information for conducting the study. Data were analyzed using mean scores and standard deviation. Findings of the study revealed various teacher motivational strategies that impacted on science students’ academic achievements in the secondary schools in Delta State. The extent to which teachers utilized these motivational strategies for impacting on science students’ learning in the classroom was to a low extent. Factors such as school leadership style and behaviour, effective leadership instructional supervision of the teaching of science subjects in school, and adequacy of science subjects teaching resources in the school, among others, were responsible for influencing science teachers’ deployment of the various motivational strategies for impacting on science students’ academic achievements. Among the recommendations proffered were that: the school leadership should ensure that science teachers employ several motivational strategies that will promote science students’ academic achievements in the secondary schools in Delta State. Science subject teachers on their own part to a greater extent should employ various motivational strategies in order to promote science students’ learning and academic achievements in the classroom.
Key Words: Teacher Motivation Strategies, Impacting, Science Students, Academic Achievements
ANALYSIS OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES PROVISION IN THE GURARA WATERFALLS
*ONONOGBO KINGSLEY UGOCHUKWU; **TSADO MARTHA N.; **HABEEB MOHAMMED AISHATU
*Department of Leisure and Tourism Management, the Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Niger State. **Department of Hospitality Management, the Federal Polytechnic, Bida
ABSTRACT
The ambience of the Gurara Waterfalls presents potentials for different kinds of recreations including swimming, canoeing, mountain climbing, boating and aerial recreations such as the cable car to view its landscape and scenery. This study was prompted by the fact that the Gurara Waterfalls ought not to exist in isolation, but built to serve humanity by providing enabling recreational facilities, which are presently unavailable at the destination. The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of recreational facilities provision on patronage and development of the Gurara Community. The instrument used for the study was validated questionnaires, which were administered on the staffers of the Niger State Ministry of Land and Housing as well as visitors at the Gurara Waterfalls. Using the SPSS and EXCEL packages, data were coded and presented in statistical tables, while the frequency count and percentage were used to describe the variables in the study. The alternative hypothesis, which states that there is significant relationship between the provision of recreational facilities and the rate of patronage at the Gurara Waterfalls, was accepted. The implication of this finding is that the provision of recreational facilities at the Gurara Waterfalls will impact positively on the rate of patronage, thereby facilitating high tourists’ arrivals at the destination. The study also observes that not only will recreational facilities enhance tourists’ choice of the Gurara Waterfalls; it will also improve the destination image. The study recommends that the Niger State Government should provide and maintain adequate and standard recreational facilities at the Gurara Waterfalls for the benefit of both domestic and foreign visitors.
Key words: Recreational facilities, Gurara Community, Waterfalls, Sustainable tourism, Tourism development.
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS AS BANDITRY PARADIGM IN NIGERIA: ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES TO THE RESCUE
SULYMON, JIMOH ALANI
Department English Languages, School of Secondary Education (Language Programmes), the College of Education, Lanlate
ABSTRACT
Human societies across the globe are characterized by a litany of immorality, socio-economic impropriety, insecurity, injustice and other varying degrees of challenges breeding imperfections as a part of human world. Interestingly enough, in all lands and climes, language is the only constant and potent tool that is employed unavoidably to proffer solutions to these teething problems. This paper seeks to remind us of this fact that we service our implement – English Language and explore its efficacy and dynamism in combating trafficking in persons (TIP) in Nigeria. The researcher observes that a lot of attention is paid to the issue of banditry in Nigeria with many works already done on it while the menace of TIP has enjoyed little attention. This paper posits that TIP is a form of banditry and that it deserves the concern and attention of all if we believe that our children and young women, who are the most vulnerable, deserve human dignity and as such should be protected and respected. The thrust of the discourse bothers on engaging the citizenry in English Studies to broaden the awareness of the ruler and the ruled about the problem. This enables them to wage war against it and enjoy a TIP-free society.
Keywords: Trafficking in Persons, Banditry Paradigm, English Studies the Rescue
THE CONSEQUENCES OF CONFLICTS AMONGT FULANI/ IDOMA, TIV IN AGATU, KWANDE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF BENUE STATE
ABDULLAH DANLAMI MAMMAN
The Federal Polytechnic Bali Taraba State
ABSTRACT
The communal conflict between the nomadic herdsmen from northern Nigeria and the agrarian communities of Benue has escalated in recent times and is spreading across boundaries, threating the country’s security and stability. The paper assessed the conflict between herdsmen and farmers in Agatu/ Kwande local government areas of Benue state. A total of 100 heads of farming households and 100 herdsmen from areas that have experienced farmer herder’s conflict were purposively selected. The study examined conflict, focusing on the economic, social developments and political dimensions. A multi stage cluster sampling was adopted in selecting 200 respondents were used as the sample size for the study in looking at the consequences of conflict among Idoma,Tiv/Fulani on the economic and social developments in Agatu, Kwande of Benue State. The study adopted both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Two instruments that were used were the questionnaire and in-depth (IDI) guide. Some of the major findings or consequences of the research include; consequences like house breaking, ethnic strife, stagnation of business activities, low agricultural output, and scarcity of housing infrastructure while non-implementation of committee reports, were some of the main reasons for the persistent conflict. The test of hypotheses for the study revealed for hypothesis one that there is no association between level of education and involvement in social conflict. For hypothesis two, the result indicated that there is no association between male or female involvement in social conflict. The paper recommended among others, the creation of grazing reserves and dedicated grazing routes in order to solve the issue of Fulani encroachment on Idoma, Tiv farmlands and vice versa. The paper concluded among others the reoccurrence of conflicts between Idoma, Tiv/Fulani in Agatu, Kwande local government areas for more than two decades and it has increased the poverty level of the people and hence falling standard of living.
Keywords; Scarcity, Development, Decades
ELECTORAL ADVERT AND HATE SPEECH CAMPAIGN IN PRINT MEDIA: A CASE STUDY OF JANUARY 19, 2015 PUNCH ADVERT
BASSEY MOSES IGWE
Junior Research Fellow Political and Governance Policy Department, the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research Ibadan, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
The hallmark of advanced democracies all over the world is the fact that the incumbent has no influence over the elections as well as no advantage over other contestants. The campaign for the 2015 presidential election will go down in as one of the most tension-laden in the political history of Nigeria. The use of Hate speech before, during and after the general election became notorious to an extent that one would think that Nigeria might witness another civil war. The paper did an analysis of the January, 19th 2005 advert on The Punch Newspaper. The research design adopted was the Content Analysis. The paper discovered that the advert should not have been allowed because it promoted hate speech and was against the ethics of Nigeria Press Council. The study therefore concluded that the advert was inimical to democracy and against the ethics of journalism. It recommended that the media organisation should make deliberate efforts to rightly inform the people by way of their editorial policy as contained in Sections 22 and 39 of the 1999 Constitution.
Key Words: Media, Hate Speech, Election, Campaign and Nigeria
THE CHALLENGES OF NIGERIAN POLYTECHNIC EDUCATION GRADUATES EMPLOYABILITY. THE WAY FORWARD
EGWU DAVID; ABBARETT F. MICCAH; & EZEADIM .O. GABRIEL
Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Federal Polytechnic Offa Kwara State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
This study empirically evaluate the challenges of Nigerian Polytechnic Graduates Employability with respect to the yearning gap between Higher Education graduates profile and the prevailing challenges of the labour market. However, against the backdrop of the problem of unemployment, this paper set out to examine the problems of polytechnic education, identifying polytechnic education as an aspect of technical education, which in its generic sense is offered at three major levels, namely the high, the middle and low level manpower. The paper highlighted the percentage rate of unemployment from 2010 to 2019 and used the figures of the percentage rate of unemployment to draw bar chart, the result shows that the unemployment rate was stable from 2012 to 2015 which was at the rate of 28.57, it depreciated in 2016 and began to rise again from 2016 to 2019 as a result of changes in macro economic policy in Nigeria. The paper therefore suggested for the introduction of mentorship education in federal polytechnic education curriculum in order to bridge up the gap between Nigerian polytechnic graduates and their counterparts in the global market.
Key words: – Polytechnic Education, Mentoring, Unemployment, Employability, Problems.
THE IMPACT OF SOCIETAL FACTORS ON TRAINING TRANSFER AMONG MEMBERS OF THE NIGERIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, BIDA, NIGER STATE CHAPTER
MOHAMMED ABDULLAHI
Department of Public Administration, Federal Polytechnic Bida. Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Human resource development focuses on interventions designed to improve employees’ workplace behaviour through positive developments in knowledge, attitude and skills. While training transfer emphasises the degree to which the interventions has resulted to the desired change in the post-training life of the trainee. Training transfer has assumed a critical position on discussions regarding the effectiveness or otherwise of training interventions. The health sector in Nigeria like those found in other parts of the world are characterised by complicities requiring them to update their knowledge and seek diverse ways for effective and efficient health service delivery. With a population of about one hundred and seventy million (170 million) and a geometric trend of increase, the demand for health care service has tripled and supply dwarfed by limited and emerging technologies, and scarce resources. It is however noteworthy that researches on training transfer is not abound while major findings in the area appear inconclusive. This research aimed to study one hundred and forty seven (147) members of the Nigerian Medical Association (NMA), Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Bida, Niger State chapter with a view to investigating the impact of societal factors (Religion, Ethics, and culture) on training transfer. Simple random sampling method was employed to provide every participant equal opportunity of been selected for the research, while Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sample size table was used to determine the sample size. However, a validation of the sample size was carried out using the G-Power analysis with the result revealing a figure in the same range. One hundred and thirty five (135) of the respondents are male, while 12 are female and their age ranges between 29 and 52. Both dominant religions (Islam and Christianity) have a fair share among the respondents and majority of them are under the category of Resident doctors. The respondents were required to rate the levels of the impact of societal factors (Religion, Ethics, and culture) on their training transfer based on the 5-point likert scale. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS and reported in frequencies, means, correlation analysis and multiple linear regressions. The analyzed data was presented in the form of tables. The study established that societal factors influence training transfer among members of the NMA. The correlation coefficient analysis shows that societal factors constructs are statistically significant at .01 level of significance, while the multiple linear regression analysis revealed that Ethics with a.262 standardized beta coefficient is the most important predictor of training transfer, the study therefore recommended that NMA should ensure that whatever is learned in training should be aligned with societal factors to guarantee effective transfer.
Keywords: Training transfer, societal factors, Medical practice, Nigeria.
THE PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF USING GSM IN NIGERIA SOCIETY
UMAR IYA GIREI
School of Management Studies, Department Of Office Technology& Management, the Federal Polytechnic Damaturu PMB1006 Damaturu Yobe State.
ABSTRACT
This paper Prospects and challenges of using Gsm in Nigeria society, gives an overview of the history of GSM in Nigerian, it is meaning, importance, positive and negative effect of it on Nigeria society. GSM enables Nigerian to have accesses to a variety of different service that were never possible in the past, such as mobile banking services and so on. As more phones and accessory are being sold, it has help to stimulate the Nigeria economy. However, despite the numerous advantages derivable from the application of GSM in Nigeria, it has also imported negatively. Thus, include classroom destruction, poor writing skills to student to mention a few.
KEY WORD; GSM(Global system mobile for communication)
SOCIAL REPERCUSSIONS OF COVID-19 IN INDIA AND NIGERIA: A FEMININE PERSPECTIVE
DR MEENAKSHI BANSAL
Extension Lecturer, Dept. of Political Science, J.V.M.G.R.R. College, Charkhi Dadri, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Covid-19 is not only a medical condition where patients go to hospitals, take medicines and get well soon. Despite that, it is a multi-faceted problems. It creates impact on all the arena of human lives be it sociological, cultural, economic or mental well- being. Through this paper, the author wanted to highlight the negative impacts especially in the social life of women in India and Nigeria. A comparative study of both countries in this regard would also be provided. The research methodology is explanatory in nature. This paper tried to explain the social repercussions of covid-19 and for that only secondary data has been collected from the secondary sources. The analysis highlighted that Covid-19 has created the long term repercussions on the women from sociological perspective both in India and Nigeria. Only, the time will tell how we are going to cope up with the challenges imposed by the present pandemic. As to continue the legacy of our existence, we need both men and women. It is really crucial to minimize the social repercussions of this pandemic on women.
Keywords: Covid-19, India, Nigeria Repercussions, Social, Women.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF ARMED CONFLICT: A CASE OF THE NORTHEASTERN NIGERIA
ABDULKARIM UMAR
Department of General Studies, the Federal Polytechnic Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This is a review paper which examines the environmental consequences of armed conflict with a special focus on the northeastern region of Nigeria. Armed conflict today is common phenomena in all parts of the globe which is equally not new in the northeastern region of Nigeria, as a result of the dreadful activities of the Boko Haram insurgents. The history of armed conflict goes back to pre-modern period while its environmental effects increases with sophistication of the weapons used to fight the wars. Human livelihood is largely depended on the environment while modern warfare is a major factor causing environmental and natural resources devastation by causing pollution, overexploitation of natural resources and habitat destruction. Realizing such dangerous effects on the environment the United Nations stepped in by adopting some measures that will ensure the protection of the environment in the event of armed conflicts. However, even with such measures the environments continue to suffer serious devastation. It is in line with this that the UN has to take tougher measures to ensure the safeguards of the environment by punishing those involved more than the damaged caused. This will enable restoration of the environment to certain level and possibly averting or reducing future occurrences.
Keywords: Armed Conflict, Environment, Consequences, Devastation, Livelihood
THE NIGERIA’S MULTILINGUAL SITUATION: NATIONAL LANGUAGE POLICY AND PROGNOSIS OF THE FUTURE OF NIGERIAN LANGUAGES AS THE GLOBAL REFOCUSING ON AFRICAN DEVELOPMENTS
*AHMAD MUHAMMAD MAHMOUD AND **ALIYU MUHAMMED NASIRU
*Department of Curriculum and Instructions, School of Education, Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare **Department of English, School of Languages, Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare
ABSTRACT
The paper touches bilingualism and multilingualism at international level as an introduction, and specifically sees into the multilingualism of a number of tribes found in Nigeria and the classroom situation in such situation, especially when using English as a medium of instruction at the primary school level as the root. It also views the day–to–day interactions and transactions taking place in different communities and societies belonging to the country. With the aid of national language policy, and after a thorough discussion, the situation has almost been prognosticated and diagnostically diagnosed via some suggestions and recommendations.
Keywords: multilingualism, Nigeria’s multilingual situation, critical evaluation and prognosis
THE SOCIAL GOODS OF COVID-19
SUHAIBU MOHAMMED & BABUGA HASSAN BELLO
Department of Social Studies, Shehu Shagari College of Education (SSCOE), Sokoto-Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The world has never seen a pandemic that is more life-threatening than COVID-19. Erupted in the Hubei province in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019, the virus not only succeeded in spreading—quickly—outside China, it also thrive in killing tens of thousands of people around the world. Thus, researchers and health commentators have spoken and written extensively about the health and social ills of the virus, arguing that the disease has disrupted the global economy, halt international and domestic movements, and impose self-isolation, quarantine, and lockdown. This article looks at the COVID-19 phenomenon in different angle. Using the theory of postmodernism, the paper argues that COVID-19 has brought some social goods: It has busted the myth of science as the universal truth, shows that irrationality of human behavior, and proves that medical knowledge cannot cure every ailment. Through secondary data analysis, the paper concludes that as few western societies boast of their technological development, coronavirus has reminded the world that modern technological know-how, while they are effective in some way, they cannot remedy a pandemic. Different ideas and opinions of people from different cultural background are needed to curtail the scourge of COVID-19. Thus, in the wake of a pandemic like this, our world need unity, love, and specific kinds of knowledge that are useful for solving specific health and social problems.
Keywords: COVID-19, Postmodernism Theory, Sociology, Nigeria
PARENTAL CONTROL OF TELEVISION VIEWING HABITS AMONG CHILDREN: A STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS IN JOS SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF PLATEAU STATE
ABUBAKAR BABA GARBA
Mass Communication Department, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi.
ABSTRACT
This study focus on Parental Control of Television Viewing Habits Among Children: A Study of Households in Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State. Methodology adopted in this study is the survey design in which questionnaires was used for obtaining data. The target population of this study was households of Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State. Result showed that Parents prefer their children to watch programmes that promote educational goals and positive social values and provide cultural richness to young children and also prefer their children to watch locally made products on TV that would encourage children to develop as individuals and as social beings in their particular culture. The research recommends that, the “v-chip” technology is a very good method of blocking violent programs on Television as such, Parents in Jos South Local Government area of Plateau State are encouraged to install it on their Children’s Television sets so as to block channels they do not want their children to be exposed to.
Keywords: Parents, Control, Viewing habits, Children and House holds
RELEVANCE OF PIDGIN AND CREOLES AS REGIONAL VARIATIONS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN NIGERIA
ORORHO, MAUREEN E. N.
Federal College of Education (T), Asaba
ABSTRACT
The major language problems in Nigeria are that of Language choice, Language maintenance and shift. (Yule 2009) Nigeria has a complex multilingual society with several different languages used within the private and public space. In planning an official indigenous language in Nigeria, government, legal and educational organizations will have to decide which variety or varieties of the languages spoken in the country are to be used for official businesses. In the selection process, the standard may be a variety that official had no native speakers in the country. (Jowitt 2009) For communication purposes, the indigenes of the Niger Delta had to learn the Portuguese based pidgin. Thus, the pidgin is accepted by many as a means of communication though English language remains the official language and the language of education. However, because different languages are used for different purposes, the need to keep up specific use of a particular language in one or more domains despite the regional variations might arise. Nigerian Pidgin may be considered Creole as creolization arises when a Pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade or contract language and becomes the first language of a social community and a useful means of communication. The paper recommends amongst others that; the Pidgin English should be developed and used as a second major language of communication in Nigeria.
Keywords: Relevance, Pidgin, Creoles, Regional, Variations.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY HEALTH CARE SERVICE DELIVERY IN MUHAMMAD SHUWA MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, MAIDUGURI
JODA MOHAMMED
Department of Public Administration, Ramat Polytechnic, P/M.B. 1070, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to assess the factors affecting quality health care service delivery in Muhammad Shuwa Memorial Hospital Maiduguri. To achieve this purpose, five research questions were raised. The research methodology used was the survey method to collect data, simple random sampling was used to obtain a sample of 70 health workers and 80 patients from the population under study. Instrument used for data collection was questionnaire administered to health care workers and patients. Percentage and mean scores were used in analyzing the responses of the subject. Result of the study showed that quality is lacking in care of patient in Muhammad Shuwa Memorial Hospital, Maiduguri, this is based on the fact that basic element of quality, which includes interpersonal relationship between clients and care providers and quality information to clients are all lacking. Based on findings of this work, some of the recommendations made were public health’s institutions should be accredited on yearly basis and hospital should engage well trained personnel who should be at hand at all times to help patient/client navigate their way through hospital protocols.
Keywords: Assessment, Factors, Affecting, Quality, Health Care Service.
BOARD CHARACTERISTICS AND FIRM SHARE VALUATION: EVIDENCE FROM LISTED INDUSTRIAL GOODS FIRMS IN NIGERIA
ALHASSAN KAWU ABUBAKAR, OKUKU TITILAYO OLAYOONU, ADELEKE TAOFEEQ ADEWALE & KPANGA COLLINS KPANGA
Department of Accountancy, Federal Polytechnic, Bida
ABSTRACT
There are numerous empirical studies on corporate governance and firms’ performance. However few studies have been conducted on impact of corporate governance (Board Characteristics in specific) on firm’s shares valuation. This paper, therefore, looks into the impact of board characteristics on valuation of share prices of listed industrial goods firms in Nigeria. The paper used a sample of ten (10) out of 14 listed firms in the industrial goods sector with secondary data collected for six years period (2014 – 2019) which gives us 60 firms – year observations. Multiple regression model was used along side with descriptive statistics such mean and correlation statistics run using Stata software. Based on the data collected, analyzed and interpreted, the study concludes that board size plays vital roles on shares valuation. In view of these, the study recommends, among others, that the management of industrial goods firms in Nigeria should adhere strictly to the laid down rules in constituting board of directors with sufficient members relative to the firm’s size
Keywords: corporate governance, board characteristics, shares valuation, industrial goods firms, earnings per share and book value per share
FACEBOOK USE, ONLINE HATE SPEECH AND THE PROJECTION OF ONLINE PUBLIC SPHERE
*NAZIF ABBA PALI; **ABDU DAUDA SHAMSU; ***WOYOPWA SHEM
*Department of Mass communication, Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic, Bauchi, Nigeria **Department of Mass Communication, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi. ***Department of Mass Communication, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This study tests the media-morphosis theory under conditions of online public sphere. Individuals’ opinion expression about public affairs has entered a new phase with the growth of new avenues for social interaction among fellow citizens such as Facebook. This study focuses on the ways that overt hate speech practices circulated on Facebook despite its official policy that prohibits hate speech. Findings revealed that hate speech practices are not only explained by users’ motivations and actions, but are also formed by a network of ties between the platform’s policy, its technological affordances, and the communicative acts of its users. Using content and network analyses of data extracted from official Facebook pages of two extreme political parties (“I stand with PDP” Facebook page and “APC Circulation III” Facebook page) in Nigeria between months of July to September 2019. It was found that the Nigerian extreme political parties primarily implicate discrimination, which is then taken up by their followers who use overt hate speech in the comment space. It further recommends that a law should be enacted to help censor online hate speech most especially on social media (Facebook) platforms.
LA MUTITÉ DES FEMMES DANS LES ROMANS DE CALIXTHE BEYALA
*JUDAH IORTSUME FANYAM ET **TAIYOL TYAVNUM TITUS
*Department of French, College Of Education, Katsina-Ala **Department of French, College Of Education, Oju
Résumé
La société africaine peut être réduire à l’homme puisque c’est lui qui dicte sa structure et son fonctionnement mais, il est évident que tout ce qui est fait peut être défait avec le temps. Les rapports actuels entre les hommes et les femmes sont le résultat de constructions sociales bien définies. Dans un dialogue serein et franc, on peut les abattre comme de vieilles immeubles pour en élever de nouvelles qui n’étoufferont aucune entité. Nous n’impliquons pas que c’est une tâche facile qui s’accomplit en un clin d’œil car, comme un arbre millénaire dont les racines se perdent dans les profondeurs de la terre, il est ancré en l’homme qu’il a le droit de s’approprier la femme et d’en user comme il l’entend. Nous savons aussi qu’on ne renonce jamais à un privilège sans avoir essayé au auparavant de le conserver par tous les moyens possibles. Cependant, si l’homme est conscient de la détermination de la femme à changer les rapports, il se rendra à l’évidence et agira en conséquence. Et c’est dans ce contexte que nous voyons la solidarité féminine comme une nécessité.
Mots-clés: Mutisme, étouffer, solidarité,millénaire, consequence
THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT IN THE ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES INTO GLOBAL ECONOMY
*UMAR IBRAHIM WUNTI, ESQ; *USMAN BAPPAH DARAZO, ESQ; **PEACE JOHN SHEKARA, ESQ
*Department of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi **Department of Estate Survey & Management, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi
ABSTRACT
Economic Partnership Agreements, a trend of the 21st century is all about going into wide range of agreements detailed about a wide range of issues, all of which must be balanced to provide benefits to all parties. Obviously it takes a form of an informed negotiations for partners, however negotiation for economic partnership agreements can take years to finalise. Therefore, an agreement can be less challenging to reach between nations that have a solid history of trade and cooperation. The way forward on the EPA’s may have significant consequences, not only for economic and political relations with the European Union, but also for the intergration dynamic of the developing regions. Europe’s own trade dynamics are being adopted by developing countries which thus integrate into global economy.
EFFECT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN NASARAWA STATE
*SAMUEL T. ACHIE & **FAGBOYO, OLADAPO AUGUSTINE
*Department of Business Administration and Management, Federal Polytechnic Damaturu, Yobe State **Department of Business Administration Nasarawa State Univerrsity Keffi, Nasarawa State
ABSTRACT
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has become an important source of innovation and improvement of efficiency for many sectors across the globe. In the education sector, particularly, the application of ICT has become a critical part of the learning process for students both within and outside the classroom setting. The main Objective of the Study is to investigate the effect of ICT on the academic performance of students of selected Tertiary Institutions in Nasarawa State. The study adopted survey research design with total population of 16,384 from where a sample size of 400 was arrived at using Taro Yammane. Data for the study were primarily sourced using structured questionnaires and analysed Ordinary Least Scale (OLS). Findings from the study revealed that ICT adoption has a negative and significant effect on students’ academic performance of Tertiary Institutions in Nasarawa State. Network fluctuation has a significant and positive effect on students’ academic performance. Access to ICT facilities has a negative and significant effect on students’ academic performance. The study therefore recommends that Tertiary Institutions within Nasarawa State should maintain the existing ICT Libraries, extend these Libraries to hostels so that students after their daily lectures may take further advantage to expand their understanding of what they were taught during the lecture period while in the hostels. Measures should be put in place to solve network failures. That since most students’ now have gadgets that could supplement the ICT Libraries, these Institutions should install WIFI facilities close to students’ domain as this will give them the opportunity to access ICT networks even if they don’t have browsing network.
Keywords: information, communication, Technology, performance, tertiary institutions, sstudents
ANALYSIS ON FARMERS AND HERDSMEN CRISES IN BARKIN LADI LGA OF PLATEAU STATE NIGERIA
1ADEDIRE, O., 1MBAH, J.J., 1SADIKU, Y., 1POPOOLA, A.S., 1OLADEJO, A.O., 1SIKIRU, G.K.
1 Federal College of Forestry, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Farmers and Fulani herdsmen crises in Barkin Ladi Local Government Area (LGA), Plateau State Nigeria present major constraints towards boosting agricultural productivity. This shows that absence of violent crisis between farmers and herdsmen remains a determining factor towards more food production. In this study, analysis on farmers and herdsmen crises in Barkin Ladi LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria is carried out towards more food production. Odds of the distribution were examined based on sexes of respondents using Chi-square and significance or probability value of 0.738 was indicated meaning that odds of the distribution were not statistically significant. Three major causes of violent crises were analysed and One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to check for significant difference in the causes of crises, results from one way ANOVA show that there is no significant difference (p>0.05) in the causes of crises by sexes and age groups. Results from descriptive statistics also show that 38.1% do not often prefer to report crises to the police force and that about 72.2% of farmers/herdsmen take laws into their hands during period of crises. Hence, it is imperative for policy makers to make policies regarding open grazing since it is the basis for which crises occur due to injury sustained by herders’ cattle while in the process of destroying farmers’ crops.
Keywords: farmer, Fulani, herdsmen, Barkin Ladi, crises, Plateau.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNITY POLICING ON CRIME PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN BAUCHI, STATE METROPOLIS.
KABIRU ABUBAKAR GARBA AND DR. SALE ABDULKADIR MAIGIDA
Dept. of general studies Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi.
Abstract
The research study investigated the “effectiveness of community policing in crime prevention and control in Bauchi Local Government Area of Bauchi State”. Community policing is a type of policing that has the police working with members of the community and having the community taking a more active role in crime control and prevention. Community policing also differs from the traditional type of policing because instead of the traditional method of crime control the community oriented policing seek out to install a fear of crime, order maintenance, and conflict resolution as their methods of policing. The theoretical underpinning that has been used to explain the concept of community policing is the Broken Windows Theory (BWT). This theory was popularized by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling. The BWT suggests that public order offences like vandalism and rowdy behavior can create a downward spiral of neighborhood deterioration and fear of crime that leads to more deterioration and more serious crimes if not checked by the community. The two research instruments that were used in data collection for this research work were structured questionnaire (quantitative technique) and in-depth interview techniques (IDI). The research findings reveal that community and public partnership with police in the eradication of criminal activities in the area of study has been very effective. And that the community in its own local way has intermittently carried out some crime prevention and control way by using vigilante night patrol, mediations like (Zauren Sulhu), Yan committee volunteers who arrest and hand over suspect to the police. The researcher also states some recommendations which includes: – close police interaction with the community, proper training of vigilante groups and community security personnel and the Creation of several police out-post.
Keywords: Effectiveness, community policing and crime prevention and control.