Int’l Journal of Engineering and Technology Research (CJETR) Vol. 19 (5)


CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH (CJETR) VOL. 19 (5)

SEPTEMBER, 2020 EDITION

Published by:

Cambridge Research and Publications International,

Africa (Nigeria): Centre for African Humanity and Development Circle

(CAHDC), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

Email: cambridgenigeriapublications@gmail.com

Copyright © 2020 Cambridge Research and Publications International.


Papers:


KNOWLEDGE AND PREPAREDNESS TOWARDS RETIREMENT: NEED FOR PRE-RETIREMENT COUNSELING AMONG ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF OF NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY

 

*BINTA P. IGE; & **M.M. BABA (PhD)

*Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Engineering Technology, Abubakar Tafewa Balewa University, Bauchi. **Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Technology Education, Abubakar Tafewa Balewa University, Bauchi.

 

Abstract

Retirement is looked at as the terminus of one’s active primary earning life. It may involve leaving a paid job one had been engaged in for ten to thirty-five years depending on the organization. It is usually a period of major changes in the lives of public servants. Most times, some people see such a change as traumatic, resulting to apprehension and disillusionment. In this study, administrative staff of Nigeria universities knowledge and preparedness towards retirement and the need for pre-retirement counseling was surveyed. A representative sample of 300 employees who has 10 years to retirement was selected using purposive sampling technique. Responses were elicited from them using a self-structured questionnaire called KRCQ. Data was analyzed using frequencies, percentages and t-test. Results showed that staff preparedness towards retirement is very low as a result of lack of knowledge of retirement. It was thus recommended among other things that pre-retirement seminars and workshops be organized for staff on a regular basis to prepare them for life at retirement.

Keywords: Knowledge, preparedness, pre-retirement counseling, middle level workers.

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PROTECTIVE RELAY COORDINATION IN A POWER SYSTEM NETWORK USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE 

 

1MOHAMMED KABIR AND 2MOHAMMED M. SULAIMAN

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna. 2Department of Electrical Engineering, the Federal Polytechnic, Bida.

 

Abstract

The coordination of overcurrent relays in a power system is to ensure that only the faulted section of the system is isolated when an abnormal operating state occurs. Large numbers of relay tripping and mis-coordination are due to improper or inadequate settings rather than genuine faults. A Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) technique which is based on an adaptive simulated annealing inertia weight was used to solve the problem of overcurrent relay coordination. The objective function is the minimization of the operation time of the protective relays in the IEEE 15 and 30 bus networks. The Time of Operation (Top) was used as the performance metric of the research. The obtained operating time of the IEEE 15 bus is 23.22 seconds. The simulation time of the 15 bus network is 11.22 seconds. The result obtained for the IEEE 15 bus was validated and an improvement of 11.3288% was observed in terms of reduction in the operating time of the relays in the system. The obtained Top settings of the relays in the system show the effectiveness of the proposed MPSO technique.

Keywords – Relays, Optimal Coordination, Plug Setting, Time Multiplier Setting, Overcurrent. 

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PHYTO-ENHANCED SYNTHESIS OF IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA

 

ASUQUO, UTIBE RIVENUS*, ISA, ABUBAKAR GARBA AND ABDULKAREEM, AMBALI SAKA

Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna – Nigeria

 

Abstract

In this work, green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles with extract of Calotropis procera as reducing and capping agent was carried out. Fe3+: Fe2+ were mixed in ration 2: 1 on mole ratio and the resulting mixture was adjusted to pH 9. The mixture of the salt precursor and the plant extract yielded an immediate colour change and was stirred for a period of 1 hour. The resulting colloid obtained was characterized to determine the formation of iron oxide nanoparticle, size, morphology, crystallinity and the bond present using dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy respectively. DLS showed particles having an average size of 54 nm, UV-vis spectroscopy showed the characteristic optical extinction of magnetite nanoparticles with absorption peak of 404 nm. XRD confirmed the formation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles having an average crystallite size of 19.6 nm. The degree of graphitization studied by Raman spectroscopy revealed dominant structure conforming to magnetite nanoparticles at frequency of 668 cm-1. The phytochemicals that aided the reduction and stabilization of the nanoparticles was confirmed by FTIR spectra. The results support the fabrication of nanomaterials having possible potential for application as drilling fluid additive via the green synthesis route.

Keywords: Nanoparticles, magnetite, phytochemicals, green synthesis, Raman spectroscopy

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SYNTHESIS OF POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (KOH) FROM RIPE PLANTAIN PEELS DOPED WITH RICE HUSK AND ITS APPLICATION IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING CASTOR OIL (RICINUS COMMUNIS)

 

NNAMCHI ANTHONY AND ETERIGHO ELIZABETH

Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

 

Abstract

The goal of this study was to produce an energetic catalyst from ripe plantain peels and rice husk for biodiesel production. Caustic potash doped with Rice Husk, a heterogeneous solid catalyst, was made by wet impregnation at totally different conditions of calcination before doping and doping before calcination labelled catalysts A and B respectively. The properties of the catalysts were characterized utilizing Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier Transform-Infrared spectrum analysis (FT-IR). The characterized catalysts showed improved and increased chemical process properties for reaction. The synthesized catalysts A and B were used for biodiesel production through Transesterification reaction exploiting castor oil, at a latent period of 3 hour, temperature of 60 oC, catalyst loading of 2.0 wt/wt% and alcohol to oil proportion of 6:1. each catalysts showed chemical process activity, but catalyst A had a stronger proportion yield of 91.5 % biodiesel as compared to that of catalyst B of 88.6 % biodiesel.

Keywords: Catalyst, Castor Oil, Biodiesel, Transesterification, Potassium Hydroxide

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PORE-LEVEL CFD INVESTIGATION OF THE PERMEABILITY AND FORM DRAG OF “STRUCTURAL – ADAPTED” POROUS METALS.

 

SAMUEL, MATHEW BASHARO, ENGR. DR. A. J. OTARU.

Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technolog, Minna, Nigeria.

 

ABSTRACT

The transport of fluid in porous metallic structures is of considerable interest due to their unique and combined. Characteristics of high surface area and large pore volume, enabling their suitability as energy and impact loading material. This work present a combined utilization of image processing and pore-level computational fluid dynamics modelling and simulation of fluid flow across “real” and geometrically – adapted commercial foams.Pore-structure related and flow properties of the porous structure were obtained using the combined techniques with reasonable correlation of experimentally derived values. The modelling approach used herein could assist in the design of efficient porous metal foams for fluid transport application.

Keywords: Metal foam. CFD. Pore-level. Permeability.

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THERMAL BEHAVIOUR AND KINETICS OF AHOKO OIL SHALE, POLYSTYRENE, AND THEIR MIXTURE

 

OJUEKAIYE I. E, OLUGBENGA A.G,

Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, P. M. B. 65, Nigeria.

 

ABSTRACT

The rise in energy costs had led to seeking for sources of non-conventional fuels as alternatives without much alteration to the present system of refining conventional oils. Ahoko oil shale which is part of the Bida basin has been investigated by Pyrolysis. The pyrolysis of the Oil shale, polystyrene and their mixture at 1:1 was performed using a Perkin Elmer TGA 4000 (Netherland) machine through the use of nitrogen as the purge gas for the experiment at a heating rate of 10C/min. Proximate analysis was carried out on the oil shale sample. The TGA results were used to determine the kinetic parameters with a temperature range of 260oC-580oC using Arrhenius equation, this was done according to the behavior of the quantity ln{(1/1-C) (dc/dt)} vs 1/T(K-1) for the sample of oil shale, polystyrene and their mixture. The oil shale, polystyrene and their mixture was found to have an activation energy (Ea) of 45.19 KJ/Mol., 153.14 KJ/Mol. And 52.95KJ/Mol respectively: while the Pre-exponential factor (A) of the three samples were also found to be 432.54 sec-1, 4.76 sec-1and 82.26 sec– 1respectively. This research was carried out to investigate the effect of polystyrene on Ahoko oil shale, its effect indicates a lower activation energy when pyrolysed together than when it is carried out singly. This confirms that there is a synergistic effect when two materials are co-pyrolysed and may in turn reduce the energy demand in the production of oil from oil shale.

Keywords: Thermogravimetric analysis, Co-pyrolysis, pyrolysis, kinetics, oil shale, polystyrene.

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ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF SOLAR SYSTEMS FOR OFF-GRID UTILIZATION TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY IN NASARAWA

 

BENEDICTA CHIDINMA NJOKU1, MUSIBAU ADEDEJI ADESINA1* AKINOLA OLANREWAJU JOSEPH2

1Mechanical Engineering Technology Department, Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, 2Mechanical Engineering Technology Department, Federal Polytechnic Ede Osun state  

 

Abstract

This research presented an analysis of alternative source of energy based on solar energy. Solar panel is a transducer device used in harnessing solar radiation, it converts sunlight into direct current (DC) electrical form. Total energy generated from PVC was found to be 6.144 KW and an average household in Nasarawa consumes 4.836 KW of energy daily. This study shows that an average household in Nasarawa can survive only on the use of solar energy. This indeed shows the abundance of solar energy in Nasarawa Nigeria.

Keywords: Solar Systems, Off-Grid, Electricity and Nasarawa

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PERFORMANCE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION GRADUATES AT REAL WORK ENVIRONMENT: EMPLOYERS’ PERSPECTIVE

                                                        

*ATTAMAH, CHUKWUNWIKE EMMANUEL; **UDU, JOEL UCHENNA; & *OGOEGBUNAM, UCHENNA OBIAGELI

*Electrical/Electronic Technology Department, School Of Secondary Education (Technical), Federal College Of Education (Technical) Bichi, Kano State, Nigeria. **Metalwork Technology Department, School Of Secondary Education (Technical), Federal College Of Education (Technical) Bichi, Kano State, Nigeria.

 

Abstract

This work is an evaluation of the employers’ feedback on the performance of technical education graduates of Federal College of Education(Technical) Bichi, Kano State from years 2013 – 2017 in the workplace with respect to their acquired: knowledge, understanding, skills and personal qualities. The research employed descriptive research method and utilized the employers via managers of the  employed  technical education graduates as respondents to  the study. Two hundred and fifty-three questionnaires were sent through mail to the employers  but only one hundred and twenty (120)  responded and participated in the study. The findings revealed that employers were very much satisfied with the performance of the graduates in view of their acquired knowledge, understanding of the job, general skills, specialized skills & personal qualities  demonstrated  in  the  workplace. Relationship  exists  between  the degree  of  importance  of  the  four  aspects  of  job  performance and the level of satisfaction  on  the performance of technical education graduates. Employers placed a strong preference to the technical education graduates of the College. There is no mismatch  of  knowledge  and  skills  of  graduates  and  what  the employers  are expecting among the technical education graduates.

Keywords: Employers feedback, graduates, performance, workplace, Evaluation.

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SATELLITE COMMUNICATION FOR 5G NETWORK

 

1ABDULKADIR ABUBAKAR, 2JAMILU BALA HAMZA, 1BOYA N. SAMSON, 1ZAHRADDIN UMAR DAHIRU, 1BALA A.M., 

1Department of Electrical/ Electronic Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi,  2Department of Electrical Engineering, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Kebbi, Nigeria

 

Abstract

The fifth generation (5G) vision is driven by the prediction that data traffic requirements will increase by up to 1000 times by 2020. However, the available spectrum will not be sufficient to satisfy this huge demand. There will be the need to use much smaller cells where resources can be adapted dynamically in space and time. Moreover, techniques like multiple-input multiple-out- put (MIMO) antennas, high-frequency reuse, and precoding will be adopted to enhance the capacity. 5G systems will need to achieve important key performance indicators (KPIs), in terms of low latency, high level of security, massive device connectivity, and consistent quality of service (QoS) provisioning. Therefore, satellite communications will play a significant role in 5G as a complementary solution for ubiquitous coverage, broadcast/multicast provision, and emergency/ disaster recovery.

Keywords: Satellite, Communication, 5th Generation, Network, future trends and challenges

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ESTIMATING GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION ON HORIZONTAL SURFACE FROM SUNSHINE HOURS OVER WARRI, NIGERIA

 

ENGR. K. TANNO1, ISIRE-WILFRED VERONICA E.2

1,2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe-Oghara

 

Abstract 

A model for estimating sunshine hours from some meteorological parameters was developed. An eleven year (1997 to 2007) period of relative humidity, maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall and wind speed measured at Warri, Nigeria (5.5544ºN, 5.7932ºE) was analyzed. The results of the correlations show that the four variable correlations with the highest value of R gives the best result when considering the error term Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The developed model can be used in estimating global solar radiation for Warri and other locations with similar climatic conditions.

 Keywords: Global solar radiation, sunshine hours, root mean square error, radiation, mean percentage error.

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INDEX AND COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF LATERITIC SOIL TREATED WITH AN OPTIMAL CONTENT OF RICE HUSK ASH MIXED WITH QUARRY DUST AND CEMENT.

 

MBAMALU C.F; UMAR L;  OLAWUYI M.Y;  &ABDULKARIM A A.

Department of Civil Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Offa, Kwara state, Nigeria

 

Abstract

The effect of cement and quarry dust (QD) on the index and compaction properties of lateritic soil treated with 10% Rice husk ash (RHA) obtained from Offa Kwara State Nigeria was studied.  The index properties of the soil and that of the soil treated with 10% RHA mixed with cement and quarry dust in the proportions of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% respectively were determined.  Subsequently, specimens of soil samples treated with 10%RHA were prepared and compacted using the British standard light energy level by combining cement in proportions of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% mixed with quarry dust in proportion of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%. From the results obtained, the sample was classified as sandy clay (SC) according to the Unified soil classification system (USCS) and A-6 according to the AASHTO classification system. The Plastic and liquid limits of the treated sample increased with the addition of cement but decreased as the QD content was increased. The specific gravity increased on the addition of cement and QD but started decreasing when the cement content exceeded 4%. The maximum dry density increased throughout the experiment in the presence of the stabilisers used and it attained a peak value of 1915 Kg/m3 from an initial value of 1780Kg/m3. The results obtained from this experiment recommends an optimal mix proportions of 40%QD + 10%RHA + 4% Cement and 20%QD + 10%RHA + 6% cement when using the admixtures on an A-6 lateritic soil for construction purposes.

Keywords: Quarry dust, Rice husk ash, maximum dry density, cement, Index properties.

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APPLICATION OF WATERMELON SEED CAKE FOR TURBIDITY REMOVAL AND TREATMENT OF MICROOGANISM FROM WASTE WATER

 

FRANCIS SAMUEL, SARAH OLOBOH, S.O OMALE

Department of Chemical Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, Nigeria

 

ABSTRACT

This paper is aimed at the removal of turbidity from raw water and treatment of microorganism from the water using watermelon seed cake. The high turbid raw water was obtained from river Kaduna and Jar test experiment to determine the effect of dosage, stirring time and mixing speed on coagulation was conducted. The results showed that at dosage of 0.2 g/l stirring time of 5 min and mixing speed of 100 rpm, optimal removal of turbidity was achieved. The turbidity removal obtained was below the world health organizations (WHO) recommended value of 5NTU. The microbial investigation on the raw water found the presence of E. coli (Escherichia coli) bacteria and Pseudomonas Species, using Membrane Lauryl Sulphate Broth and Modified Wallerstein Laboratory Nutrient Agar respectively. After the treatment it was found that the colonies of the microorganism were greatly reduced. The results obtained show that watermelon seed can be used as a natural coagulant also for the microbial treatment of water.

Keywords: Watermelon seed, Water treatment, Coagulation, Turbidity removal, Microorganism reduction,

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A REVIEW OF SECURITY TECHNIQUES FOR SECURING DATA ON TRANSMISSION

 

1ADEJUMOBI, O.K. AND 2SADIQ, M.O.

1Department of Computer Engineering, the Polytechnic, Ibadan. 2Department of Electrical Engineering, Ihe Polytechnic, Ibadan.

 

Abstract

In present times, the high growth in the networking technology leads to the practice of interchanging digital data frequently. The data in both the private and public sectors are increased which requires, Availability, Authentication, Confidentiality and Integrity.  The  security  of  this  confidential  data from  unauthorized  access  can  be  done  by a process called Cryptography. This is achieved by converting Plain text into Cipher text (encryption). The original message is then recovered by a process called decryption.  However, many encryption techniques are available. This Paper therefore reviews some of the most popular and effective algorithms of encryption that are currently used. It focuses mainly on different kinds of encryption techniques, their advantages and disadvantages. Recommendations are also drawn for improved cryptography.

Keywords:  Algorithm, Cryptography, Encryption, Decryption, Plain Text, Cipher Text.

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REVIEW OF SPECTRUM SENSING ALGORITHMS IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

 

I.H.USMAN1 AND L. MAIJAMA’A1

Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, Nigeria1

 

Abstract

The ever increasing demand for wireless broadband services has imposed severe bandwidth constraints on wireless communication system. These demands have led to the technological responses such as the advancement in radio access, coding and modulation schemes as well as spectrum aggregation and cognitive radio capabilities of LTE-A and 5G networks developed by the 3GPP. In this paper a review of spectrum sensing algorithms for TVWS applications in wireless communication systems is conducted and the major findings and limitations highlighted.

Keywords: LTE-A, 3GPP, 5G, TVWS, Modulation

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RESOURCE AND EXERGONIC-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY OF JOS AND SOKOTO.

 

ABUBAKAR, M. A., DISINA., U. M., BELLO, M. S.,  SALAKO.,  I.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, 0231, Nigeria.

 

Abstract

In the view of the continuing power generation shortfall in Nigeria, there is the need for the country to urgently diversify its energy-mix by the inclusion of eco-friendly and a renewable resource like wind that it is abundantly blessed with. Therefore,  the study, not only with suitable wind energy conversion for the investigated sites be evaluated but also proffer the economic feasibility of operating the sites, a technical offshore of the study deploying the systems for decentralized power generation. Decentralized power generation will bring the power plants close to load centers thereby reducing the cost incurred and losses in transmitting power through the national grid. The adaptation of wind energy conversion system which drastically reduce the burden on the conventional power generation plants in the country while at the same time trigger off jobs and wealth creation, as well as improving the power situation in addition to providing direction to investment and policy.

Keywords: Wind Energy, Conversion, National Grid, Jos and Sokoto.

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3D-SPACE WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER FOR DEVICE CHARGING AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT

 

ODIGWE FIDELIS OBI

Department of Electrical/Electronics Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Oko

 

ABSTRACT

 This paper discusses the architecture of wireless low power transmission system to charge the mobile phone wirelessly as well as to give effective solution for energy savings and utilization. It is simple, affordable and robust system that can be easily installed and operated in order to solve certain real time power issues. Wireless power transmission is an emerging technology that is gaining increased visibility in recent years. Wireless power transmission holds a promising future for generating a small amount of electrical power to charge mobile wirelessly. Growing importance in wireless field which has numerous benefits such as it would completely eliminate the need of carrying charger along with mobiles. It would also help to reduce complexity caused due to wires. The phenomenon for energy generation incorporated in here is to use a renewable source. Solar panels are incorporated in this system as they play a key factor in providing a renewable source of energy on contrary to non-renewable or AC source supplies. The panels convert light into electrical energy and stored in batteries which is then used to charge mobile phone wirelessly. In this paper we are also trying to implement real time power monitoring and controlling system for home appliances such as fans, bulbs, etc. in robust way. Controlling of electrical devices can be performed by programming the main controller.

Keywords: Wireless, Power, Transfer, Device Charging, Energy Management

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DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF BEANS THRESHING MACHINE

 

JAMILA ADAMU1, NASIRU SHUAIBU2 ,  SHUAIBU ALANI BALOGUN3, ALHASSAN A,MOHAMMED4

Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi

 

ABSTRACT

Different forms of farm machinery are being employed in various stages of crops production which improves the quantity of farm produce and its quality. This work presents design and development of beans threshing machine using appropriate technology. Various components of the machine were designed and locally available materials like mild steel, stainless steel and aluminium alloy were used in the fabrication. The machine is driven by a gasoline engine with rating of 5.5 horse-power and has a maximum output capacity of 250kg/hr

Keywords; Threshing, Beans, Processing, Capacity, Chaff

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OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM SHEAR BUTTER OIL RESIDUE USING OVAT METHOD

 

WAZIRI JIBRIN, UMAR MUSA AND MUSA IDRIS TANIMU

Chemical Engineering Department, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna Nigeria.

 

ABSTRACT       

The challenges faced with biodiesel production from oils having high free fatty acid (FFA) content necessitates this research. In this study, biodiesel production from shear butter oil residue (SBOR) was optimized using one variable at a time (OVAT) method. The parameters investigated are catalyst concentration (.0 M – 2.5 M), reaction time (15 min – 75 min) and methanol: oil (SBOR) molar ratio (3:1 – 7:1). The optimum catalyst concentration, reaction time and methanol to SBOR molar ratio were obtained as 1.5M, 45min and 6:1. SBOR conversion as well as biodiesel yield were obtained as: 93.8% and 89.7% at methanol :SBOR of 6:1; 94.0% and 90.6% at catalyst concentration of 1.5M and 93.8% and 89.7% at reaction time of 45 min. This implies that alcohol: oil molar ratio (methanol: SBOR) is the most influential variable on the SBOR conversion as well as biodiesel yield. The essential parameters and the physicochemical properties measured conform to ASTM D6751 standard.

Keywords: Optimization, OVAT method, SBOR, esterification, transesterification

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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BAMBOO (BUMBUSA VULGARIS) AND ITS SUITABILITY AS A ROOF TRUSS MATERIAL IN A SEVERE ENVIRONMENT.

 

OLORUNFEMI K.O., IBIWOYE E.O., ABDULKADRI.A

Department of Civil Engineering, Kwara Starte Polytechnic, Ilorin.

 

Abstract:

This study investigated the chemical composition of the bamboo species (Bumbusa Vulgaris) and its suitability as a roof truss material when it is exposed to rainfall environment during roof truss construction stage in building construction works. Exposed and fresh bamboo samples were grinded to powder form then dissolved to solution form using N-ezane solution. Thereafter, injected into MSD scan machine that is connected to a computer that contains files of the known organic compounds. The result shows that exposed bamboo contains chemical compounds which are different from the compounds in fresh samples. Rainfall is capable of attacking some chemical compounds of bamboo and causes reduction in its tensile and compressive strength, ductility, and some other engineering properties of the bamboo.  Knowing the chemical composition of the organic compounds of bamboo will facilitate the methods to be adopted to protect bamboo in this severe environment.

Keyword: Bamboo, Compressive Strength, Chemical Composition, Tensile Strength, Roof Truss.

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DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIPLE OUTPUT SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY FOR OFF-GRID APPLICATION USING SPENT E-BIKE BATTERY

 

GARBA MUSA DOKO; ADEWARA D. OLANREWAJU; & MAJIN N. RACHAEL

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niger State Polytechnic, Zungeru.

 

Abstract

This paper presents the design and construction of switch mode power supply (SMPS) for an off-grid application using spent e-bike battery. This project is a multiple output power supply with input voltage range of 36V to 48V dc, output voltages of 5V, 12V, 24V dc with an output current of 0.1A, 1A and 1A respectively; it has an efficiency of 93%. The circuit is made up of both passive and active components, with LM2586-Adjustable as the controller. It was designed purposely to use spent Lithium -ion battery from e-bike/vehicle. It was intended to abide by all relevant standards (regulation) including protection against electromagnetic interference (EMI), electric shock, etc. the circuit is built with printed circuit board (PCB), portable with few components and compact enclosure.

Keywords; Flyback, Converter, Regulator, Transformation, Spent Lithium-ion battery

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ANALYSIS OF THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF LATERITIC SOILS IN SONG AREA, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA

 

*SALIHU, K., MAGAJI, S. U. AND SANUSI, S.

Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Adamawa State Polytechnic, Yola

 

ABSTRACT:

In the course of this research, four lateritic soil samples (SO1, SO2, SO3 and SO4) were tested to ascertain their suitability as construction materials in civil engineering projects. The samples were collected from borrow pits at Song area, Adamawa State, Nigeria at depths of 2.0m each. The area is a prc-cambrian basement complex terrain; underlain by migmatites, gneisses, older granites and basalts. The results of natural moisture content test range from 13.55% to 25.83%. The particle size analysis showed ranges of values of the amount of fines and amount of coarse fraction of 5% to 41% and 59% to 95% respectively. The effective size (D10), the coefficient of uniformity (Cu) and the coefficient of curvature (Cc) range from 0.5 to 1.0; 1.6 to 3.0; and 1.2 to 1.3 respectively. The results of atterberg limits tests indicated ranges of values of 2.79% to 25.54% for plasticity index; 35.3% to 45.5% for liquid limit; and 13.46% to 32.51% for plastic limit. Specific gravity values of the soil samples range between 2.54 and 2.65. The results of compaction test showed ranges of values of maximum dry density and optimum moisture contents of 1.50 g/cm3 to 1.80 g/cm3 and 12.38% to 14.90% respectively. The unconfined compressive strength results range from 27.00KPa to 42.00KPa. Based on these, it can be deuced that; lateritic soil samples SO1 and SO2 are likely to be suitable for use as fills and embankments, while the rest would be poor to fair; only sample SO1 is likely to be suitable for use in sub-base courses; the rest are all poor and hence unsuitable; all lateritic soil samples are very likely to be poor and unsuitable for use in base courses; with the exception of sample SO1 that may be marginal.

Keyword: Construction materials, Lateritic soils, Particle size analyses, Atterberg limits, Natural moisture contents, Unconfined compressive strength, Compaction.

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SEASONAL VARIATION OF THE LEVELS OF SOME HEAVY METALS IN KOFAR MARUSA IRRIGATION WATER

 

1YARGAMJI, G.I., 2KAMALADDEEN, A. AND 3HAMIDU, S.

1&2Department of Chemistry Education, Isa Kaita Colle of Education, Dutsin-Ma. 3Department of Biology Education, Federal College of Education, Katsina.

 

ABSTRACT

Seasonal variations of the levels of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe and Pb in KofarMarusa irrigation water were studied over one year period. Water samples were taken at different points of the irrigation area mixed and homogenized and then digested and analyzed using AAS for the presence of the metals on quarterly basis. Results obtained showed that Cd and Cu were totally absent throughout the study period while Cr, Fe and Pb were present at levels that varied seasonally. Pb levels were found to exceed the NSDWQ and WHO standards significantly. It was concluded that consumption of the vegetables grown with the water would pose serious health hazards. It was then recommended among others that more researches are needed on the irrigation water as well as the vegetables grown with it for the presence of other heavy metals especially the toxic ones and the metals levels should be monitored on continuous basis. 

Keywords:  Seasonal variation, Heavy metals, Irrigation.

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THE NUTRIENTS CONTENT SENSITIVITY TO THE VARIATION OF PRODUCTION PARAMETERS OF LOCAL CHEESE AND WHEY FROM FRESH COW MILK

 

ADAMU, M.; DAVID, G.T.; AND YAKATUN A.A.

Chemical Engineerin Department Federal Polytechnic Bida.

 

Abstract

The effect of production parameters on the nutritive content of cheese and whey produced from cow milk was investigated. The parameters put into test are: cooking temperature, concentration of coagulant and the cooking time. These parameters were varied one after the other with specific ranges of 40-80 OC, 5-25 g/100 ml H2O and 10-60 minutes respectively. The results obtained shows that temperature variation does not have negative impact on the major nutrients content of cheese as all the proximate amount of these nutrients increases invariably with the amount of moisture content which decreases as the cooking temperature increases. The concentration of fat, protein and carbohydrates increases with cooking temperature with values of 15.75 – 21.10%, 12.10 – 15.98% and 20.35 – 25.40% respectively. On the other hand the major nutrients tested in the whey which includes: Liquid protein, Vitamin C, B6, and B12 all are heat sensitive as their values decreases as the temperature is increased with ranges of 4.22- 2.65 mg/g, 0.316-0.242 mg/g, 0.071-0.038 mg/g and 1.3-0.628 mg/ml at temperature range of 40-80 OC respectively. For the effect of coagulant, the proximate composition of carbohydrate increases proportionally with increase in coagulant concentration with numerical value of 22.51-32.81 % for coagulant concentration of 5-25 g/100g H2O while that of protein and fat increases significantly between the coagulant concentration of 5-15 g/100 ml H2O with values of 12-15.10% for crude protein and 18.95-20.20% for fat after which they declined with increase in coagulant concentration. All the major nutrients in whey were sensitive to coagulant concentration in such a way that they all increases slightly with increase in coagulant concentration with values of soluble protein ranging from 3.41 -4.36mg/ml while vitamins, B12 B6 and C ranges from 0.091 -0.140mg/ml, 0.063 -0.810mg/ml and 0.231 -0.316mg/ml respectively. The boiling time intervals of 10 -50 minutes does not destroy the compositions of crude protein, fat, and carbohydrates because they increased with intervals of 15.71-17.91%, 21.23- 25. 39%, 25.07 – 29.05%, 0.62 -0.69% and 0.45 -0.50% respectively. In contrary, since all the nutrients under investigation for whey are heat sensitive, they tends to decrease with boiling time. All the result so obtained suggested that boiling temperature of 60oC, the coagulant concentration of 15g/100ml and boiling time of 10 minutes are selected as the optimum parameters for cheese and whey production putting the final yield of cheese as the major product into consideration.

Keywords: Cheese, whey, nutrients, sensitivity and cow milk

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RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES & COST PERCENTAGE ALLOCATIONS IN AN ENERGY MIX SCENARIO FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

 

U UMAR, J. G. BASHAYI, A. I. EYIGEGE

Department of Electrical &Electronics Engineering Technology, School of Engineering Technology, Federal PolytechnicNasarawa (FPN), P.M.B 01, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

 

Abstract

Rising concerns about global energy security and climate change due to emissions of noxious gases resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels have strongly renewed interest in renewable energy development. These concerns have also coordinated a reaction towards the global focus on a clean development mechanism, which is a basic strategy endorsed in the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. Several benefits abound for using renewable energy sources like emission reduction, lowering of cost and technological gain. The present days’ quest for emission reduction from energy systems couple with the intention for rural electrification has fostered aggressive research directives for renewable energy for sustainable development. Thus, this research focused on the optimum design of a hybrid energy system for an isolated community (Osochokodo) as case study. For the design of off-grid electrification of the study community, various combinations have been obtained for the hybrid systems with PV, micro-hydro turbines, batteries, convertors and generators from the HOMER optimization simulation. From the optimal simulation result table the most cost effective system, i.e. the system with the lowest net present cost, is the PV micro hydro battery converter configuration and the cost of energy (COE) is 0.043$/kWh ($1 is equivalent to N470 in parallel market as at October 15, 2016), and renewable resources fraction is approximately 99%. From this we can easily observe that almost the total portion of energy production is from renewable energy sources.

Keywords: Energy crisis, Hybrid power system, Sustainable development, HOMER, NREL, RE, COE

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING MACHINE

 

1HAMZA ABBA AND 2 HARUNA MAIDAWA

1Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic Damaturu, Yobe State. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Bauchi State.

 

ABSTRACT

Resistance spot welding process is one of the oldest methods used to join sheet metals using a combination of heat, pressure and time parameters. It is an economical and highly productive process and is, therefore, being used in various manufacturing industries and has a great future ahead. The paper aimed at presenting the design and implementation of a resistance spot welding machine for the purpose of welding two pieces of metal (low carbon steel), such as a thickness of 2.5mm each, 2mm each, 1.5mm each and 1mm each. To achieve the output of 833Ampere needed for proper welding, a transformer rated 5KVA was designed and wound. For current control, several tapings were made on primary winding of the transformer and connected to the contact of a rotary switch through which the input current can be selected. For welding time control, a mechanical switch that can automatically isolate the transformer from the mains when the maximum input current passes through it, is incorporated on the primary side of the transformer. On testing, the machine successfully welded two pieces of metal (low carbon) each of 2.5mm thickness.

Keywords: Transformer, Electrode, Welding and low carbon steel

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DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. JUSS) FRUITS THAT ENHANCES DEPULPING

 

M A. ADEDEJI, 1* L.A SANNI, 2 O. S. ADESANYA, 2 I. K. ADESINA, 1 A. O. CHIKEZIE3

1Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria. 2Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, State, Nigeria. 3Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Nasarawa, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Abstract

The main aim of this study was to determine some physical and mechanical properties of neem (Azadirachta indica a. juss) fruits. Physical and mechanical properties of neem (Azadirachta Indica) were investigated using ripe fruits obtained from surroundings neem trees on Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife campus and Ile-Ife environs. These engineering properties are essential in the designing, development and fabrication of handling and processing machines such as depulper and decorticator for bulk handling of neem fruits and seeds. These properties were studied using standard procedures. Results obtained showed that the average moisture content of the fruits at harvest was 81.95% (w.b). Physical properties such as; length, width, thickness, unit mass, geometric mean diameter, arithmetic mean, surface area, sphericity and aspect ratio were 14.89 mm, 9.22 mm, 8.95 mm, 0.75g, 10.7 mm, 11.02 mm, 33.6 mm2, 71.91 and 61.94, respectively. 1000 unit mass, bulk density, true density and percentage porosity were 597.8 g 0.58 g/cm3, 1.06 g/cm3 and 45.42, respectively. Mechanical properties such as; static coefficient of friction on four different four surfaces; plywood, glass, mild steel and stainless steel were 0.19, 0.14, 0.24 and 0.06, respectively.  Dynamic angle of repose was found to be 47.5 o. Computerized Istron Electromechanical Testing Systems (Model 3369) was used to determine the fruits compressive stress for longitudinal and transverse loadings. Compressive stress for the longitudinal and transverse were found to be 0.12 ± 0.03and 0.044 ± 0.013 MPa, respectively. The average yield stresses of 8.94 ± 2.44 N and 8.37 ± 2.24 N were required to crack the fruits when loaded in the longitudinal and transverse orientations, respectively.

Keywords: neem fruits, physical, mechanical, properties, depulping

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EFFECT OF COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINES ON STUDENTS ACHIEVEMENT IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAMME IN STATE AND FEDERAL POLYTECHNICS IN ADAMAWA AND TARABA STATE, NIGERIA.

 

*SAMAILA YERIMA SULE, **DR. J.D LKAMA, *ENGR. A. B. USMAN

*Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Technology, State Polytechnic Yola, Adamawa State. **Department of Technology Education, School of Technology and Science Education, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola

 

Abstract

The study was investigate the effect of Computer Numerical Control machine on student achievement in Mechanical Engineering programme in all state and federal Polytechnics in Adamawa and Taraba , for research questions in line with the purpose of the study were formulated for the study. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance study were made. The study was conducted using quasi–experimental design. Specifically, the pre – test post – test non-equivalent control group design. This implies that intact classes (non-randomized groups) were used in the study. The study was carried out in Adamawa and Taraba, which are located in the North-East Region of Nigeria. The target population of this study consisted of 40 diploma II students enrolled in 2018/2019 academic session in the Department of Mechanical Technology, in all state and federal Polytechnics in Adamawa and Taraba state. The instrument for data collection was tagged Machine Tool Achievement Test (MTAT) developed by the researcher. The instrument was multiple choice questions containing 40 items. Each item has options A – D from which the respondents were choosed. Questions were drawn from past school examination question papers of 2014 – 2019 session to form Machine Tool Achievement Test (MTAT). The statistical tools that was used for analysis is ANCOVA. The independent variable was the use of CNC machine and analog lathe machine. The dependent variable was the students’ achievement scores obtained after the treatment (post-test). The pre-test performance scores were obtained prior to the commencement of the treatment and were use as covariate to control the group differences. Analysis of Covariance were conducted to determine whether there is a significant difference  between the Students taught using CNC machine and those taught using analog lathe machine.

Keywords; Polytechnic and Computer Numerical control, Engineering programme, student achievement.

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CONSTRUCTION AND FABRICATION OF AN INDUSTRIAL CANDLE MOULDING MACHINE

 

SIBEUDU CHIWETALU E & ANIDUEME FESTUS O

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Oko

 

ABSTRACT

The candle molding machine is an important device which cannot be done without, in any nation. This is because of the indispensable role candle plays, especially when there is no either source of illumination. In order to provide adequate supply to both urban and rural consumers, the production of a candle molding machine is important. The major parts of the candle molding machine are: the castled aluminum body, the adjustable screw, which serves as a separation between the too moulds cop and drag (male and female). The reason why there is no cooling is as a result of the non ferrous component of the contraption  which does not create much vacuum for heat addition as much as steel do and also the mould has operate in opening system which admit natural air inside the mould when opened to cool the max and enhance the quick solidification of the wax. The mould due to its opening system, it works more efficiently under cool whether condition.

Keywords: Construction, Fabrication, Industrial, Moulding, Machine

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LIQUID FUEL OBTAINED FROM CO-PYROLYSIS OF JATROPHA CAKE WITH BIOMASS WASTE AS ALTERNATIVE FOR FOSSIL FUEL: A REVIEW

 

1 UNWAHA, J.I. 2MOMOH, S.B AND 3MUSA, A. J.

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State 2Department of Welding and Fabrication Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, 3Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Damaturu

 

ABSTRACT:

Several researchers have reported that oil produced from pyrolysis of biomass generally contains high level of oxygen content at (about 35-60 wt. %), which is associated with low calorific value that may leads to corrosion problem. Many studies have been undertaken to reduce the oxygen content through upgrading techniques such as co-pyrolysis. The reviews indicates;(i) Most of the experiment was conducted on fixed bed reactor (ii) The co-pyrolysis of biomass with plastic waste (polystyrene) reduces the oxygen content to about (86%) and raised the higher heating value (HHV). (iii) By increasing the composition of plastic waste in the feed blend, viscosity of bio-oil changed approaching to those of commercial diesel oil. The use of either plastic in the pyrolysis of biomass increases the liquid yield and also improves the quality in terms of its property. The liquid fuel produced by co-pyrolysis or catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass with plastics waste has potential for use as a substitute for fossil fuels. 

Keywords: Biomass Waste, Pyrolysis, Reactor, Catalyst and Fossil fuels

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ASSESSING THE HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL OF BAUCHI STATE: PRE-FEAAIBILITY STUDY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MICRO HYDROPOWER PLANT IN RAFIN-ZURFI, BAUCHI, NIGERIA

 

DANLADI Y. BISU1, J. S. IBRAHIM2, ABDULRAUF B. DAUDA2 BRUNO A. ORISANAIYE1

1Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal university of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria 3Department of Mechanical engineering, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Kazaure, Jigawa State, Nigeria

 

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to complement government effort at developing the hydropower sector in Nigeria, by providing adequate, site specific information on potential hydropower sites. In this study, several water bodies with hydropower potential were identified in Bauchi state. A pre-feasibility study was conducted to assess the technical potential of Rafin Zurfi stream for the possible construction of a hydropower plant. Literature survey and site visits were employed to identify various rivers, dams, and streams, and their hydropower status. Hydrological surveys were carried out to determine the technical potential of the Rafin-Zurfi stream. Results of the study shows that Bauchi state is endowed with huge hydropower potential, such as Gubi dam, waya dam, Jama’are river, Gwaranga dam, Bazanshi stream, Tafawa Balewa river, etc. the Rafin-zurfi stream has the capacity to generate about 177kW of electricity. The results of this study are however based on a short term study. It is therefore recommended that deeper and long period surveys be carried out on the site to provide more accurate data.

Keywords: Hydropower, Renewable Energy, Feasibility Study, Sustainability, Energy poverty

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SUITABILITY OF ALKALINE ACTIVATED METAKAOLIN AND ALKALINE ACTIVATED RICE HUSK ASH AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR CEMENT IN CONCRETE

 

ADEJOH BENJAMIN OCHOLA1, MUSTAPHA ABDULHAKEEM2, UMAR MUSA 3

1,2Department of Civil Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic

 

ABSTRACT

In this study, the suitability of alkaline activated metakaolin and alkaline activated rice husk ash as partial replacement for cement in concrete has been investigated. The activated rice husk ash and metakaolin was partially replace as cement by percentage of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%  respectively. 60 samples of grade 20 concrete cubes and 60 samples of grade 25 concrete cubes were cast in the laboratory and cured for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days respectively in accordance to BS1881: part 116: 1983. The study uses water/cement ratio of 0.55; with the hope that its usage would reduce accumulation of rice husk wastes and metakaolin which constitute environmental land pollution that could pose public health hazard. The rice husk was carbonized, sieved after carbonization using sieve size 150m and was activated in the Chemical Engineering laboratory using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the alkaline medium. However despite the observed loss in comprehensive strengths of the concretes, it can still be used for various application requiring medium and low strength in accordance to concrete grade 5, a strength which is achieved with these replacement of activated rice husk ash and activated metakaolin in concrete: such as non-load bearing concrete wall, sidewalks, road barrier, concrete block, kerbs. The amount of concrete produce worldwide for this application could ensure the viability of this study.

Keywords:  Metakaolin, Rice husk ash, Environmental land pollution, Compressive strength, Concrete.

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DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERT ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR THE MONITORING AND CONTROL OF PESTS IN A RICE PLANTATION IN NIGERIA

 

S.O.N. OKONYE AND K.O. TANNO

1 & 2Department of Electrical/Electronics Engineering Technology, School of Engineering Technology, Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe-Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria.

 

ABSTRACT       

Rice farmers over the ages have struggled to increase production using the manual process they know of to prevent the inversion of their farm plantations from pests such as birds. In this paper, the development of an expert electronic system for the monitoring and control of pests in a rice plantation in Nigeria, has been realized. The systems functionality and sensitivity is realized by the inclusion of a microcontroller that is embedded in the system. This microcontroller interfaces with a sensor to detect and hence monitor the plantation and then sounds the alarms to scare away the pests. In this system, there are four different sounds and there are sounded randomly so that the pests does not become used to it.. This system is powered by a 12V, 7.2Ah rechargeable deep cycle battery which is recharged by a 20W solar panel. The results showed that the system did actually control the presence of pests in the rice plantation.

Keywords: Expert System, Monitoring and Control, Pests, Rice Plantation

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ENGINEERING AGRICULTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION IN NIGERIA

 

1SMART BELLO, 2EHIOMOGUE PRECIOUS, 3KAYONG E. ANTHONY AND 4AJAYI A. STANLEY

1Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, School of Engineering Technology. Auchi Polytechnic Auchi, Edo State 2Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State 3Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering, Samaru-Kataf Campus, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria-Nigeria  4Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering Technology, School of Engineering Technology. Auchi Polytechnic Auchi, Edo State

 

ABSTRACT

Food demand in the country is on the increase, outweighs local food production and leads to yearly increase in food imports. This situation is worrisome and we believe that the sad state of affairs is not unconnected with the fact that agricultural mechanization technology in Nigeria has, the objective of this paper is to explore the role of engineering in attaining sustainable economic growth in Nigeria. Agricultural development involves three approaches namely bio-chemical, socio-economic, and engineering known as the trio of technologies. Engineering is the profession in which the knowledge of physical, natural, biological and management sciences, humanities and arts, gained through study and experience is applied. Agricultural scientists and engineers should make haste to transform Nigeria’s agriculture through the development of technologies that are appropriate and acceptable to a majority of farmers, the sort of technologies that ensure, among other things, improved varieties and species of plants and animals, provision of appropriate types and quantities of agrochemicals, provision of adequate and sustainable sources of irrigation water, the speedy completion of farm operations, safe processing and storage of farm products, enhanced job satisfaction to the farmers, increasing their income base and ensuring their comfort which will generally preserve the human muscle power.

Keywords: Engineering, Agriculture, Sustainable, Economic, Transformation.

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MODELING DRAINAGE ABILITY IN SYNTHETIC FILTER MATERIALS

 

AWONIYI G. O1., ADENIRAN, K. A2., & OWOEYE, O. D3

1,3Department of Agricultural and Bio-environmental Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria. 2Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.

 

ABSTRACT

This research was carried out to verify the relationship in filtering abilities of three synthetic filters (fibre, paper and sawdust) molded on a mole drains. Fibre drain was found to give highest drainage ability followed by saw-chips molded drain and lastly by paper molded drain. Discharge (cl)-time (day) relations were found to be  for fibre, saw-chips and paper drain respectively. The catchment radar discharge for the various filters were simulated while the correlation between the filter yields were modeled in relationship with filter discharge correlation  factor, k. Correlation models were found to be   for fibre to saw-chips;  fibre to paper and saw-chips to paper drains respectively; for .

Keywords: synthetic filters, drainage, discharge

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TRACKING OF QUADROTOR UAV USING PID CONTROLLER AND FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER

 

G.N. JOLA; YUNUSA M.A; & C.S. ONATE

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi State, Nigeria.

 

ABSTRACT

One of the most important applications of is in the field of real life surveillance made possible by a camera payload. However, the images sent by the Quadrotor UAV are unstable and jittery because of the inherent vibration of the drone; these vibrations result from the movement of  quadrotor UAV motors and air turbulence. This work aims at obtaining a more stable and clearer image by stabilizing the position of the camera. This is achieved by mounting the camera on the UAV via a servo motor which act as the actuator. The actuator will make it possible to set the reference camera positions. To minimize the layer of deviation, a PID controller will be designed to compensate for the error and keep the camera in relatively stable position. Thus, the output of the system is the camera position while the disturbance in the system is the inherent vibration from the UAV. The overall system will be modeled and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The response of the system to various kinds of inputs (reference positions) in the faces of different kinds of vibrations, with and without the controller would be analyzed. In addition, noise would be added to ascertain the robustness of the system. The developed system is expected to achieve a comparable result at lower cost with lower computational overhead than the software image processing methods or the gimbal system.

Keywords: Tracking, Quadrotor, Using, PID Controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller.

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EXPLORING THE FEASIBILITY OF CLIMATE CONTROL IN BUILDING USING GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN KADUNA, NIGERIA

 

HAMISU USMAN1, M. M. ALIYU1 AND AMINU HAMISU KURA1

Renewable Energy and Technology Unit (RETU), Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna

 

Abstract:

Globally, climate control in buildings, both residential and commercial, represents a very significant percentage of total electricity consumption. Given that to date the bulk of this energy is from fossil fuels, any technology that is able to reduce this consumption will contribute in no small measure to the reduction of Green House Gases emission into the atmosphere which contributes to global warming. This research work seeks to determine the Geothermal temperature profile of Kaduna up to a depth of 10m to obtain the necessary data required to design climate control systems for residential and commercial buildings, that do not require phase change and use 80% less energy than conventional air-conditioning. In this work, the analyses of soil temperature at fifth depth (1m, 2m, 4m, 6m and 10m) for a well were simulated in MATLAB software. The work shows that the temperature at 7m above becomes constant, which means thermal heat can be harness for effective use in households and other buildings.

Keywords: Climate control, Geothermal, Temperature, energy and utilization

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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF IMPACT AND VIBRATORY HAMMER COMPACTIONS ON COHESIONLESS SOIL

 

OLUMORIN MAIYE MICHAEL1, JOSHUA HIRPAYA POGU2 & KAMAR USMAN OTARU3

1,3Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna. 2Department of Railway Engineering, College of Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna.

 

Abstract

Compaction is an important activity in civil engineering construction and is first experimented in the laboratory before it is actually carried out on the field. In doing so, attention is usually paid to an appropriate method that can give maximum dry density (MDD) at specified optimum moisture content (OMC) depending on soil type. In particular, vibratory compactions have been used instead of impact compaction for most cohesionless soils. This study examines the strength characteristics (MDD) of cohesionless soils with regards to impact and vibratory methods of compaction. Specimens of cohesionless soil were obtained from six different borrow pits and tested in the laboratory using modified Proctor and vibratory hammer method of compaction. MDD values vary between 1.765 – 1.823 Mg/cm3 and 1.775 – 1.856 Mg/cm3 for impact (modified Proctor) and vibratory hammer compactions respectively. Further statistical analyses of MDD results show that the values obtained from impact compaction (modified Proctor at 0% moisture content) differ by small margin when compared to vibratory hammer method of compaction. The margin of difference is statistically insignificant (t5 = 2.516, p = 0.0534) according to paired t-test carried out. This signifies that the two methods of compaction on samples of cohesionless soils tested were moderately strong and positively correlated (r = 0.723, p = 0.102). This simply means that impact compaction of cohesionless soil at 0% moisture content gives MDD values that rival those of vibratory hammer compaction.

 Keywords: Cohesionless soil, impact compaction, t-test, vibratory hammer compaction, maximum dry density, modified Proctor.

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